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COF^RIGRT DEPCSm 



PETERSBURG 
VIRGINIA 

ECONOMIC AND MUNICIPAL 



BY 



LeROY HODGES 

11 



Counselor in Economics and Public Administration 
Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia 



PREFACE BY 

W. JETT LAUCK 
Director, Bureau of Applied Economics, Washington 



ISSUED BY THE 

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF PETERSBURG, Inc. 

Petersburg, Virginia 



JANUARY, 1917 






4^ 



CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF PETERSBURG 

INCORPORATED 

PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

January, 1917 



President 
Charles T. Lassiter 



First Vice-President 
Robert Cabaniss 



Secretary and Treasurer 
William M. Martin 



Second Vice-President 
J. Gordon Bohannan 



Robert Cabaniss 
E. B. J. Whitmore 
John R. Jolly 
E. Clarence Kent 



Governors 
Charles T. Lassiter 



J. Gordon Bohannan 
W. J. Rahily 
H. A. Burke 
Thomas Whyte 



Copyright, 1917, hy LeRoy Hodges 

/ 

©CIA457463 

MAR-7l9i; 



CONTENTS 

Page 
Preface By W. Jett Lauck 9 

Analysis 11 



I. Petersburg-Hopevrell industrial area 13 

Petersburg district 13 

II. City of Petersburg 15 

Railroad facilities 15 

Location • 16 

Water transportation 19 

History of Petersburg 20 

Population 20 

Manufactures 22 

Trading area 24 

Value of crops 25 

III. Hopewell-City Point district 26 

Munitions industry 26 

History of City Point 28 

IV. City of HopeweU 30 

Government 30 

Housing facilities 33 

Water supply 33 

Electric power 34 

Ci\dc progress 34 

V. Classification of Petersburg industries 35 

VI. Tobacco industry- 37 

Leaf industry 38 

Cigarettes 38 

Cigars 39 

Smoking tobacco 39 

Plug and twist tobacco 39 

Leaf exports 40 

Labor employed 43 

3 



t PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Page 

VII. Peanut industry 44 

Peanut production 45 

Labor employed 47 

VIII. Trunk and valise industry 48 

Raw materials 49 

Labor employed 49 

IX. Woodworking industry 50 

Timber supply 50 

Freight rate advantages 54 

Labor employed 55 

X. Secondary and miscellaneous industries 56 

Clothing industry 56 

Cotton industry 56 

Fertihzer industry 59 

Fireworks industry 60 

Foundry and machine shops 60 

Gristmills 61 

Hat industry 61 

Leather industry 62 

PrintiQg and publishing industry 62 

Silk industry 63 

Miscellaneous industries . 63 

XL Export manufactures and foreign trade 66 

Summary of exports 67 

Summary of imports 67 

XII. Labor, wages and hours 68 

Hours 69 

Wages 69 

Available labor supply 70 

XIII. Industrial power and water supply 72 

Electric power 72 

Electric power rates 73 

Manufactured gas 75 

Price of gas 75 

Municipal water supply 77 

Water rates 78 

XIV. Fuel supply 80 

Local Chesterfield coal deposits 80 

Supply of Pocahontas and New River coal 81 

Price of coal 83 

Comparative quality of Pocahontas and New River coal 85 



CONTENTS 5 

Page 

XV. Advantages for development of iron and steel industry 88 

Future development of the American iron and steel industry. . 88 

Available iron ores 89 

Pig iron supply 90 

Limestone and f lourspar 92 

Manganese 93 

Nickel and other materials 94 

XVI. Freight rates and distributing business 96 

Factors regulating rates 99 

Wholesale business 100 

XVII. Banking facihties 102 

Recent growth of banks 102 

Comparative bank resources 106 

District Federal reserve bank 106 

XVIII. Agricultural resources 108 

Agricultural products handled at Petersburg 108 

Local agricultural products 108 

Agricultural opportunities Ill 

Slavish farmers Ill 

Summary of local agricultural statistics 112 

XIX. Climate 114 

Summary of cKmatological data 114 

Relative advantages 114 

XX. Housing facihties and cost of hving 123 

Rents 124 

Price of food 125 

Industrial fire insurance rates 127 

Petersburg building code 128 

XXI. PubHc health 133 

Typhoid fever 133 

Mortality rate 134 

XXII. Educational facihties 138 

Public school population and enrollment 138 

School expenditures 139 

Public school curriculum 139 

XXIII City and county government 140 

Commission-manager government recommended for Petersburg 140 

Present organization Petersburg city government 142 

Council 142 

Mayor and other elective officers 143 

Officials appointed by the council 144 

Boards and commissions 145 

Municipal courts 146 

Organization of Prince George county government 147 



6 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Page 

XXIV. Public finance and taxation 149 

Relative financial condition of the City of Petersburg 149 

General financial condition of the State of Virginia 153 

City and State tax rates 154 

County tax rates 157 

XXV. ^Method and cost of obtaining ordinary business charters in 

Virginia 159 

What certificate must set forth 159 

Execution and acknowledgment of certificate 161 

Summary of steps required to obtain charter 163 

Caption prescribed for certificate 163 

Form for endorsement by judge. 164 

Cost of securing charters 164 



MAPS 

Map 1. State of Virginia, shoeing geographical location of the City of 
Petersburg, according to the United States Geological Sur- 
vey and the Geological Survey of Virginia, 
1916 Between pp. 8 and 9 

Map 2. Petersburg and en\Trons, shoT\dng industrial commimities and 
railroad and other transportation facilities, 
1916 Between pp. 14 and 15 

Map 3. General railroad facihties at Petersburg, 

1916 Betvreen pp. 16 and 17 

Map 4. Railroad facilities at Petersburg, and of the adjacent territory 

within a radius of fifty miles, 1916 Between pp. 18 and 19 

Map 5. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to distance 
by railroad and first-class mail time to thirty' specified cities 
in the United States east of the Mississippi river, 
1916 Between pp. 20 and 21 

Map 6. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to distance 
by railroad and first-class mail time to designated cities and 
towns in Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, 
North CaroUna and South Carolina, 
1916 Between pp. 22 and 23 

Map 7. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to lower 
Chesapeake bay and water transportation facilities, accord- 
ing to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
1916 Between pp. 24 and 25 



CONTENTS 7 

Page 

Map 8. Location of primary and secondary industrial establishments, 
and local railroad facilities at Petersburg, 
1916 Between pp. 36 and 37 

Map 9. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to tobacco 
production in the United States, according to the Thirteenth 
Census, 1909 42 

Map 10. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to peanut 
production in the United States, according to the Thirteenth 
Census, 1909 46 

Map 11. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to cotton 
production in the United States, according to the Thirteenth 
Census, 1909 58 

Map 12. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to the supply 
and movement to tidewater of Pocahontas and New River 
coal, and to the Virginia deposits of limestone and manganese 
and nickel ores, 1916 Between pp. 82 and 83 

Map 13. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to the dis- 
tribution of iron ores in the United States, according to 
the United States Geological Survey, 
1916 Between pp. 90 and 91 

Map 14. Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to the loca- 
tion of blast furnaces in the United States, according to the 
Thirteenth Census, 1910 91 

Map 15. General trade territory of Petersburg, showing location of the 
principal communities in Virginia, North Carolina and 
South Carolina to which goods are distributed and the States 
from which goods principally are secured, 1916 101 

Map 16. Local trade territory of Petersburg, showing tobacco, peanut 
and cotton production, by counties, according to the Thir- 
teenth Census of the United States, 1909 110 

Map 17. Normal annual percentage of sunshine at Petersburg, according 

to the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 118 

Map 18. Average annual number of da5^s with precipitation of 0.01 inch 
or more at Petersburg, according to the United States 
Weather Bureau, 1916 119 

Map 19. Normal annual number of inches of rainfall (precipitation) at 
Petersburg, according to the United States Weather Bureau, 
1916... 120 



8 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Page 
Map 20. Normal annual number degrees (Fahrenheit) of temperature 
at Petersburg, according to the United States Weather 
Bureau, 1916 121 

Map 21. Average annual length of the crop-growing season (number of 
days) at Petersburg, according to the United States Weather 
Bureau, 1916 122 



DIAGRAMS 

Diagram 1. Organization of the government of the City of Hopewell, 
created July 1, 1916, under an act of the General Assem- 
bly of Virginia, approved February 26, 1916 32 

Diagram 2. Organization of the government of the City of Petersburg, 

June 1, 1916 141 

Diagram 3. Organization of the government of the County of Prince 

George, Virginia, July 1, 1916 148 



PREFACE 

This study of Petersburg, which has been made by 
Mr. LeRoy Hodges as the director of the department of 
municipal efficiency and administration of the Bureau of 
Applied Economics, is both descriptive and analytical. 
An attempt has been made to give a clear descrip- 
tion and inventory of the commercial and indus- 
trial resources and forces which have led to the develop- 
ment of the city and its environs. At the same time 
the general economic or business strength of Petersburg 
has been weighed in the balance with other localities 
and an estimate formed in a comparative way of its in- 
dustrial and commercial advantages. The object has 
been to furnish a handbook of essential and reliable in- 
formation to those who wish to study or inform them- 
selves as to the trade, industry, and general business 
situation of Petersburg. There has been no intention 
of indulging in the too common present-day practice of 
setting forth only the attractive facts and conditions 
in an attractive and oftentimes exaggerated form for 
the purpose of * ^boosting. '^ The effort has been to 
state conservatively and briefly the significant facts 
without color or bias. 

Both original and documentary sources of infor- 
mation have been used. A field investigation cover- 
ing a period of two months was made into certain 
conditions for the purpose of compiling facts which were 
not otherwise available. Statistics and other data which 
have been collected by the various agencies of the Fed- 
eral and State and municipal governments have also 
been drawn upon freely. A considerable proportion of 
the data collected has also been shown in a graphical 
way by the use of maps and diagrams in order that its 
significance may be easily and quickly grasped. 

9 



10 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

The present survey developed from an original plan 
of preparing an argument to show the comparative ad- 
vantages offered by Petersburg for the production of 
iron and steel products. At a later date this investiga- 
tion was supplemented by the preparation of a brief, 
recently submitted to the Federal Farm Loan Board, 
which set forth the reasons why one of the district farm 
loan banks should be located at Petersburg. The data 
thus assembled was finally supplemented by research 
and original investigation sufficient to present in an ex- 
tensive way a descriptive inventory and a comparative 
analysis of Petersburg as a commercial and industrial 
community. 

Time and funds were not available nor was it desired 
to make an exhaustive and coldly analytical study. 
Neither was it sought to work out a detailed construc- 
tive program for the development of the possibilities of 
the community. The essential facts have been assembled 
and analyzed. Conclusions as to the soundness of any 
constructive enterprise may be examined in the light of 
these facts. It has also been thought that the study may 
be put to valuable use in training the young men of the 
city in a correct knowledge of the commercial and indus- 
trial affairs of their own community so that they may 
intelligently participate in its future development. 

W. Jett Lauck, 
Director, Bureau of Applied Economics. 

Washington, D. C, 
December 21. 1916. 



ANALYSIS 

An analysis of the economic assets of Petersburg and 
of the Petersburg-Hopewell area of Virginia reveals that 
the conmiunity possesses a number of relative industrial 
advantages, especially with regard to railroad and water 
transportation facilities and freight rates, fuel supply, 
hydro-electric power, accessible raw materials, water 
supply, domestic and foreign markets, industrial labor 
supply, climate, local food supply, and banking and 
credit facilities. 

Inducements which Petersburg offers for capital in- 
vestment also include comparatively low tax rates, first- 
class fire protection and low insurance rates, available 
low-priced factory sites, and reasonable building regula- 
tions. 

The possession of these advantages has made it possi- 
ble to build up in the community one of the most import- 
ant export tobacco industries in the United States, a 
large trunk industry, an important peanut manufactur- 
ing business, an extensive woodworking industry, and 
important textile and leather industries ; and induced the 
duPonts to locate one of the largest munitions plants 
in the world at Hopewell. 

"With navigable water, and direct main-line railroad 
transportation facilities afforded by the Norfolk and 
Western, Atlantic Coast Line, and the Seaboard Air 
Line railroads, Petersburg has favorable freight rates 
from the North ; and can secure goods from the West as 
cheaply as they can be assembled at any point on the 
Atlantic seaboard. Groods can be distributed to Carolina 
points as cheaply as from Richmond, and, in a number of 
cases, more cheaply than from Lynchburg and Roanoke. 

On goods marketed in the North, Petersburg has a 
decided advantage over the North Carolina cities ; and to 
such points as Philadelphia and New York the Peters- 

11 



12 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

burg rates are the same as from Eichmond, and are con- 
siderably lower than from Lynchburg, for instance. 

Pocahontas and New Eiver coal and coke are deliv- 
ered f. 0. b. sidings at Petersburg, Hopewell or City 
Point at freight rates of $1.50 and $2 per net ton, re- 
spectively. Hydro-electric power for industrial pur- 
poses can be obtained in large quantities at from one 
cent to as low as one-third of a cent per kw. h. 

Tobacco, peanuts, cotton and lumber are available in 
the nearby territory with which to supply the local fac- 
tories; w:hile Petersburg also is strategically located 
with respect to fuel and the domestic and foreign sup- 
plies of iron ores, manganese, nickel and fluxing and 
other materials required for the development of an ex- 
tensive iron and steel industry. 

Bents, food, and the general cost of living are rela- 
tively low ; the climatic and natural health conditions are 
good ; industrial fire insurance rates are not high ; while 
local and State taxes are reasonable. 

While there is a demand for labor in some of the local 
factories, experience in the community ha^ been that 
where adequate wages are offered in conjunction with 
proper sanitary working and living conditions no diffi- 
culty is had in securing plenty of labor in the Peters- 
burg-Hopewell area. The E. I. duPont deNemours and 
Company, for example, assembled approximately 30,- 
000 men at their HopeweR works within a few months 
in 1915. In fact, the urban and rural population of 
Virginia and North Carolina which can be drawn on to 
supply the labor required in the Petersburg industries is 
more than sufficient to care for all possible future de- 
mands. 

Considering, therefore, the economic assets of the 
community as a whole, the relative advantages of an in- 
dustrial location in the Petersburg-Hopewell area are 
exceptional. 



I. PETEESBURG-HOPEWELL INDUSTRIAL 
AREA 

What now may be termed the Petersburg-Hopewell 
industrial area of Virginia, includes the City of Peters- 
burg and its suburbs, the City of Hopewell near City 
Point, which is located about 9 miles northeast of Peters- 
burg at the junction of the Appomattox and James 
rivers, the general territory in the vicinity of Hopewell 
and City Point, and the territory lying between these 
communities and Petersburg, south of the Appomattox 
river, and along the City Point branch of the Norfolk 
and Western railroad. 

The area is divided into two distinct local industrial 
districts which are known respectively as the ** Peters- 
burg district,'' and the ^ ^ Hopewell- City Point district.'' 
In a general way, these districts may be described sepa- 
rately, although the Petersburg district — or rather the 
City ofl Petersburg — must necessarily be used as the 
basis for any relative or analytical economic study of the 
area at the present time. 

Reference to map 1, between pages 8 and 9, and to 
map 2, between pages 14 and 15, will enable one readily 
to grasp the general geographical outlines of the area, 
and to appreciate its strategic transportation advan- 
tages as an industrial center. 

Petersburg District 

Within the local Petersburg industrial district, which 
is shown on map 2, are included the City of Petersburg 
and its subdivisions; the village of Ettrick just across 
the river; the village of Matoaca on the north side of 
the Appomattox about 3 miles above the city, where are 
located the Matoaca cotton mills of the Virginia Consol- 
idated Milling Company; the Swift Creek settlement, 

IS 



14 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

whicli includes the cotton mills and company ^dllage of 
the Chesterfield Manufacturing Company and the 
Thompson grist mills ; and the properties of the Virginia 
Sand and Gravel Company located on the north side of 
the Appomattox about 3 miles below Petersburg. 




NOUSTRIAL MAP 



Petersburg 




PETERSBURG, VA. 

AND ENVIRONS 

1916 

Sccile in miles 



BUREAU OF APPLIED ECONOMICS 

SOUTHE.RN BUILDING 

WASHINGTON 



!l 



II. CITY OF PETERSBURG 

The City of Petersburg is located at the head of navi- 
gation on the Appomattox — where the tide rises against 
the foot of the falls of the river — about 12 miles above 
its confluence with the James at City Point. It possesses 
the unique commercial and industrial advantage of hav- 
ing adequate water power sufficient for all industrial 
purposes, deep water navigation to the sea, and unex- 
celled railroad transportation facilities. 

Railroad Facilities 

Petersburg is the junction point of the Norfolk and 
Western Railway, which runs east and west from the 
Middle Western states through the West Virginia and 
Virginia coal fields to the Atlantic seaboard at Norfolk; 
and of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Seaboard Air 
Line railroads, which provide the community with direct 
north and south trunk-line connections to the principal 
cities of the Eastern, Northern, Southeastern and Gulf 
States. By virtue of these north and south trunk lines, 
Petersburg also possesses the additional east and west 
railroad facilities afforded by the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Railway at Richmond; and of the Virginian Railway at 
Alberta, 38 miles south on the Seaboard Air Line, and 
at Jarratt, 30 miles south on the Atlantic Coast Line. 
These connections are especially valuable in that they 
make available to the Petersburg-Hopewell area the com- 
bined Pocahontas and New River coal deposits along the 
Norfolk and Western, Chesapeake and Ohio, and Vir- 
ginian railroads. Map 3, between pages 16 and 17, shows 
the general railroad facilities at Petersburg in 1916. 

Within a radius of less than 50 miles the railroads 
operating directly through Petersburg connect with the 
Southern Railway on the north at Richmond, on the 

15 



16 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

south at Emporia, on the east at Waverly, and on the 
west at Burkeville. Actually, therefore, the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area is served by all three of the great north 
and south trunk line railroads operating along the Atlan- 
tic seaboard, namely, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Sea- 
board Air Line, and the Southern; possesses the com- 
bined east and west railroad transportation facilities 
afforded by the Norfolk and Western Railway, the Ches- 
apeake and Ohio Eailway, and the Virginian Railway — 
the three most important deepwater terminal coal roads 
in the United States. Map 4, between pages 18 and 19, 
shows in detail the railroad facilities of the territory 
within a radius of 50 miles of Petersburg. 

Location 

The geographical location of Petersburg with the 
shortest distance by railroad and first-class mail time to 
the principal cities of the United States, east of the 
Mississippi river, is shown on map 5, between pages 20 
and 21 ; while the distances and time are summarized in 
the following table: 



CITY OF PETERSBURG 



17 



Table 1. — Shortest railroad distance and first-class mail time between Peters- 
burg and thirty specified cities in the United States east of ihe Mississippi 
river* 



From Petersburg to- 



Richmond, Va 

Noifolk, Va 

Washington, D. C. . 

Baltimore, Md 

Wilmington, N. C. . 
Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 
Charlotte, N. C. . . . 
New York, N. Y. . . 

Charleston, S. C 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

Savannah, Ga 

Atlanta, Ga 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Boston, Mass 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Jackson\ille, Fla. . . 

Louisville, Ky 

Nashville, Tenn. . . . 
Birmingham, Ala. . . 

Detroit, Mich 

Memphis, Tenn. . . . 

Mobile, Ala 

Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo 

Milwaukee, Wis. . . , 
New Orleans, La. . . 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Duluth, Minn 



Shortest 


First-class 


distance by 




railroad 


mail time 


Miles 


Hours 


Minutes 


23 




33 


82 


2 


10 


138 


4 


20 


178 


5 


32 


223 


8 


20 


273 


7 


40 


280 


11 




365 


9 


40 


374 


10 


49 


440 


14 


05 


479 


13 


22 


556 


16 


37 


567 


20 


25 


571 


17 


35 


574 


18 




577 


16 


22 


602 


16 


10 


618 


17 


52 


665 


24 


40 


718 


28 


10 


722 


21 


57 


759 


25 


30 


880 


34 


40 


906 


26 


52 


907 


25 


15 


941 


25 


10 


992 


28 


40 


1,046 


31 


07 


1,329 


37 


12 


1,470 


43 





*Figures furnished by Superintendent, Third Division, United States 
Railway Mail Service. 



Map 6, between pages 22 and 23, shows the shortest 
railroad distance and first-class mail time between Pe- 
tersburg and specified cities and towns in Delaware, 
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina and South Carolina. The distances and time from 
Petersburg to these points are summarized in the follow- 
ing table : 



18 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Table 2. — Shortest railroad distance and first-class mail lime between Peters- 
burg and specified cities and toivns in Delaware, Maryland, District of 
Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina and Souih Carolina* 



From Petersburg to— 

Delaware : 

Dover 

Wilmington 

Maryland: 

Annapolis 

Baltimore 

Cumberland 

Frederick 

Hagerstown 

Salisbury 

District of Columbia: 

Washington 

Virginia : 

Bristol 

Charlottesville 

Danville 

Emporia 

Fredericksburg. . . . 

Lynchburg 

Norfolk 

Richmond 

Roanoke 

Staunton 

Suffolk 

Winchester 

North Carolina: 

Asheville 

Charlotte. 

Durham 

Edenton 

Fayetteville 

Goldsboro 

Greensboro 

Nevi^bern 

Raleigh 

Washington 

Wilmington 

Winston-Salem. . . . 
South CaroHna: 

Aiken 

Beaufort 

Charleston. . .- 

Columbia 

Denmark 

Florence 

Georgetown 

Greenville 

Orangeburg 

Sumter 



Shortest 


First-class 


distance by 
railroad 


mail time 


Miles 


Hours 


Minuses 


312 


12 


03 


247 


7 


02 


203 


8 


30 


178 


5 


32 


288 


9 


05 


193 


6 


10 


215 


7 


05 


350 


14 


52 


138 


4 


20 


327 


10 


50 


119 


3 


55 


138 


5 


15 


41 


1 


08 


83 


2 


45 


122 


3 


40 


82 


2 


10 


23 




33 


176 


5 


25 


158 


9 


18 


59 


1 


30 


226 


7 


09 


377 


15 


03 


280 


11 




132 


3 


30 


156 


5 


45 


189 


4 


24 


139 


4 


25 


186 


7 


33 


197 


6 


55 


135 


3 


47 


138 


10 


35 


223 


8 


20 


214 


9 


25 


408 


19 


30 


463 


16 


29 


374 


10 


49 


337 


10 


01 


389 


11 


04 


272 


6 


52 


356 


15 




387 


14 


28 


355 


9 


06 


311 


8 


14 



♦Figures furnished by Superintendent, Third Division, United States 
Railway Mail Service. 



"S OF 50 MILES 




r:: 



RAILROAD MAP OF PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA: 1916 



BUBEAU OP AfPLIED ECONOkUS 
Southern BWg., Wa.hiniten 



CITY OF PETERSBURG 19 



Water Transportation 

Petersburg also possesses direct deep water trans- 
portation facilities to Chesapeake bay points and to the 
Atlantic ocean. Map 7, between pages 24 and 25, pre- 
pared after the United States Coast and Geodetic Sur- 
vey, shows the Appomattox channel from Petersburg to 
City Point and the channel of the James from City 
Point to Chesapeake bay. This map was issued in 
July, 1916, and shows a clear minimum channel depth 
of 20 feet from City Point to the sea. 

Under normal conditions, the Petersburg harbor has 
a minimum width of 80 feet, and a depth of 12 feet, with 
a mean tidal variation between high and low water of 
about 3 feet; wliile the Appomattox channel to City 
Point has a minimum mean low tide depth of 12 feet. At 
present, however, this depth is not available, due to a 
break in the diversion head which has admitted sand 
with the up-river flood waters. Plans for the immediate 
restoration of the Appomattox channel to a depth of 12 
feet, which include the construction of a new diversion 
dam and the redredging of the harbor, have been ap- 
proved by the Federal government. 

At present, the Furman Line and the Merchants' 
Line each operates a daily round-trip steamboat ser- 
vice between Petersburg and Richmond, connecting at 
City Point \\ith steamers of the Virginia Navigation 
Company (Old Dominion Line) to Newport News and 
Norfolk. Shipments by water to Petersburg usually 
come via the Old Dominion Line to City Point where they 
are received by the Norfolk and Western Eailway, by 
which deliveries are made at Petersburg. The possession 
of these water transportation facilities insures relatively 
low railroad freight rates at Petersburg. 



20 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

History of Petersburg 

Petersburg traces its history back to 1612, when it 
was included in Smith's map of Virginia under the 
name of ^^Appomatuck/'^ In 1645 old Fort Henry 
was erected at the falls of the Appomattox, within the 
site of the present city, to guard the headwaters of the 
river against the incursions of the Indians. Its present 
name is derived from Peter Jones, who maintained an 
early Indian trading post here near the river. It was 
first called ^^ Peter's Point," and later ^'Petersburg'' by 
Colonel William Byrd when he laid off the permanent 
community in 1733. Petersburg was first incorporated 
in 1784. 

In an address in which he thanked the Petersburg 
troops for their services in the War of 1812, President 
Madison dubbed the community ''The Cockade City of 
the Union" — a title by which Petersburg is familiarly 
known today. 

Population 

In 1910 the population of Petersburg was reported 
by the Federal census at 24,127 — an increase of 10.6 
per cent over the population of 1900. On July 1, 1914, 
just before the European war broke out, the estimated 
population of the city was 25,000, and that of the whole 
Petersburg-Hopewell area about 26,500. A conserva- 
tive estimate on July 1, 1916, gave the city a population 
of from 30,000 to 35,000, and the entire area a total pop- 
ulation of from 50,000 to 60,000. 

This abnormal increase in the population between the 
summer of 1914 and July 1, 1916, was caused by the 
establishment of the Hopewell munitions works of the 

1' 'Three Centuries of an Old Virginia Town," by Arthur 
Kyle Davis (1914), p. 1. 



21 

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CITY OF PETERSBURG 21 

E. I. duPoiit deNemours and Company at City Point. 
Prior to the erection of these works, the population of 
the Hopewell- City Point district was hardly more than 
500, all told. On July 1, 1916, however, its population 
was estimated at between 20,000 and 25,000. 

The combined population, in 1910, of Petersburg and 
of the twelve Virginia counties, commonly known as the 
^ ' Southside * ' counties, which compose Petersburg's local 
trade territory,^ was 201,413. This population was 
apportioned among the several counties as follows:^ 

County Population 

Amelia 8,720 

Brunswick 19,244 

Chesterfield 21,299 

Dinwiddie 15,442 

Greensville 11,890 

Lunenburg 12,780 

Mecklenburg 28,956 

Nottoway 13,462 

Prince Edward 14,266 

Prince George 7,848 

Surry 9,715 

Sussex 13,664 

177,286 
City of Petersburg 24,127 

Total 201,413 

On July 1, 1916, the total estimated population in this 
territory was 250,000. 

A study of Petersburg's population in 1910, shows 
that 54.4 per cent were white, of whom 1.6 per cent were 
foreign-born. The number of whites in the city increas- 
ed during the decade 1900-1910 more than 26 per cent, 
while the negro population decreased between 1890 and 



2See map 16, p. 110. 

sCompiled from "Thirteenth Census of the United States," 
Vol. Ill, pp. 936-961. 



22 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

1910 more than 10 per cent. The number of females was 
greater among both the white and colored populations 
than the number of males; while the nmnber of white 
males of voting age exceeded the number of adult negro 
males by more than 1,200. 

The total number of persons engaged in manufac- 
tures in Petersburg in 1910 was 4,332, while the total 
estimated number of persons industrially employed in 
the Petersburg-Hopewell area on July 1, 1916, was be- 
tween 18,000 and 20,000, or about 40 per cent of the 
total population. During the 3^ear 1915, and the early 
part of 1916, while the Hopewell works were under con- 
struction, it is estimated that approximately 30,000 men 
were employed in the local Hopewell-City Point district. 
With the exception of Chesterfield county, which lies 
between Petersburg and Eichmond, the rural population 
about Petersburg is composed largely of negroes, who 
supply the labor required in the extensive farming oper- 
ations carried on in the Southside counties. There are 
also more than 3,000 Bohemian and Slovak farmers liv- 
ing in these counties' — chiefly in the counties of Prince 
George, Dimviddie and Chesterfield, within a radius of 
20 miles of Petersburg. About 15 per cent of the rural 
population of Prince George county (exclusive of the 
Hopewell-City Point district) is composed of Bohemians 
and Slovaks. About 90 per cent of these Slavish farm- 
ers are proprietors operating their ovm farms. 

Manufactures 

Petersburg is an important center for the manufact- 
ure of tobacco, peanuts, trunks and valises, and lumber 
and timber products. In addition to these four primary 
industries, the city's secondary industries (exclusive of 
a number of small miscellaneous industries) include es- 
tablishments making cotton goods and yarns, silk throw- 




GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 

Petersburg, Virgiiiia 



CITY OF PETERSBURG 



23 



sters, machinery, fertilizers, fireworks, trousers, finished 
and retanned leather, straw hats, grist mill products, 
and books and printed matter. 

In 1914, the Federal census of manufactures enum- 
erated 87 manufacturing establishments within the city 
limits. The establishments were classified as follows:* 

Nunil>er of 
Industry estahlishments 

Agricultural implements 1 

Boxes, wooden packing 1 

Bread and other bakery products 7 

Butter, cheese and condensed milk 1 

Carriage and wagon materials 1 

Carriages and wagons 3 

Clothing, men's , 1 

Confectionery and ice-cream 7 

Cooperage 1 

Cotton goods 1 

Fertilizers 3 

Fireworks 1 

Flavoring extracts 1 

Flour-mill and grist-mill products 2 

Foundry and machine-shop products 3 

Gas, illuminating and heating 1 

Hats, straw 2 

Ice, manufactured 2 

Leather, tanned, curried and finished 1 

Liquors, distilled 1 

Lumber, planing-mill products 7 

Mattresses and spring beds 2 

Mineral and soda waters 5 

Monuments and tombstones 1 

Optical goods 1 

Peanuts, grading, roasting, cleaning and shelling. . 5 

Printing and publishing, book and job 3 

Printing and publishing, newspapers and periodicals . 5 

Saddlery and harness 2 

Silk goods, including throwsters 1 

Tobacco, chewing, smoking and snuff 1 

Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes 3 



4List was supplied by the United States Bureau of the Cen- 
sus on special request. 



24 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Tools, not elsewhere specified 1 

Trunks and valises 7 

Upliolstering materials 1 

Wood, turned and carved 1 

Total 87 

The combined 1914 statistics for these establishments, 
according to the preliminary report of the United States 
Bureau of the Census, issued in April, 1916, are as fol- 
lows: 

Number of establishments 87 

Persons engaged in manufactures 4,320 

Proprietors and firm members 63 

Salaried employes 354 

Wage earners (average number) 3,903 

Primary horsepower 6,549 

Capital $ 6,497,000 

Services ^ 1,799,000 

Salaries 407,000 

Wages 1,392,000 

Materials 8,393,000 

Value of products 12,610,000 

Comparing these figures with those for the Peters- 
burg industries in 1909, as returned by the Thirteenth 
Census of the United States, the amount of capital in- 
vested shows an increase of more than 24 per cent during 
the ^ve years 1909-1914. The total annual outlay in 
wages increased about 26 per cent during this period, 
and the cost of the materials used about 46 per cent; 
while the annual value of the city's manufactured pro- 
ducts was increased from $8,896,000 in 1909 to $12,610,- 
000 in 1910 — an increase of nearly 42 per cent. These 
gains were made in spite of the fact that the 1914 Fed- 
eral census of manufactures covers a period during 
which the local industries at Petersburg were more or 
less demoralized by the outbreak of the European war. 

Trading Area 
In addition to its manufacturing enterprises, Peters- 
burg is an important trading center. It is the wholesale 



'^^MT 




CITY OF PETERSBURG 25 

and retail purchasing point for the approximately 250,- 
000 people in the twelve Southside Virginia counties, 
and an important distributing point for the communi- 
ties in central and eastern North Carolina and north- 
eastern South Carolina/ Petersburg's wholesale and 
distributing business in this territory averages about 
$10,000,000 a year. 

Value of Crops 

The combined annual value of all crops now produced 
in the twelve Southside Virginia counties, included in 
,the Petersburg local trade territory, is about $15,000,- 
000;^ which, together with a valuable timber produc- 
tion, is indicative of their purchasing power. Tobacco, 
corn, peanuts, vegetables and hay are the leading agri- 
cultural products in these counties. 

5See map 15, p. 101. 

6The value reported by the Thirteenth Census of the United 
States was $12,773,067. See table 26, p. 109; and map 16, p. 110. 



III. HOPEWELL-CITY POINT DISTEICT 

City Point, the original settlement in the Hopewell- 
City Point district, is located at the mouth of the Appo- 
mattox river on the sonth side of the James, in Prince 
George county, about nine miles northeast of Peters- 
burg. The James river affords water transportation 
upstream to Richmond, and downstream to Chesa- 
peake bay; while the Appomattox river provides water 
transportation to Petersburg/ 

Two steamboat lines operate a daily schedule be- 
tween Petersburg, City Point and Richmond; while the 
Virginia Na\dgation Company (Old Dominion Line) 
operates a daily service up the James to Richmond via 
City Point from Norfolk and Newport News. The Nor- 
folk and Western Railway's double-track, heavy-traffic 
line between City Point, Hopewell and Petersburg is 
one of the company's most important tonnage feeders. 
Hopewell and City Point are also connected with Peters- 
burg by a trolley line and a modern concrete highway. 
At Bermuda Hundred, located just across the mouth of 
the Appomattox, is the terminus of the Tidewater and 
Western Railway, which runs from Farmville, in central 
Virginia, through the local Chesterfield coal area to deep 
water at Bermuda Hundred. 

Munition's Industry 

Here at City Point are located the mammoth gun- 
cotton and nitric and sulphuric acid works of the E. I. 
duPont deNemours and Company, established as a result 
of the European war. 

The first unit of these works was a dynamite plant 
projected in 1912. In April of this year, the duPont 



7See map 7, between pp. 24 and 25. 
26 



HOPEWELL-CITY POINT 27 

Company, having been attracted to the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area by virtue of its excellent rail and deep- 
water transportation facilities and favorable railroad 
rates, purchased about 1,800 acres of land, at an aver- 
age price of $20 per acre, near City Point. At a dis- 
tance of about a mile and half back of City Point, on 
the Norfolk and Western ^s Petersburg-City Point 
branch, the company began the erection of a small dyna- 
mite plant. The property on which this plant was 
erected had formed a part of the old ^^HopewelP' estate 
of the Eppes family, and the duPont Company accord- 
ingly designated the new establishment as its ^^ Hopewell 
works. ' ' 

This plant was hardly completed, and had not been 
actuall}^ in operation, when the European war broke out 
in the summer of 1914. As the war immediately de- 
stroyed the commercial demand for dynamite, the estab- 
lishment was hurriedly converted into a gun-cotton plant 
to supply the European demand for artillery ammuni- 
tion. Unit after unit was added to the plant as the war 
demands increased, until today the Hopewell works are 
among the largest munitions plants in the world. 

On July 1, 1916, these works employed more than 
13,500 persons, and in the latter part of October in- 
creased the number to about 18,000. Their average 
monthly payroll during the half-^^ear ending June 30, 
1916, was roughly $1,000,000. The average daily con- 
sumption of raw cotton during this period was between 
500,000 and 750,000 pounds, while approximately 150,000 
tons of imported Chilian nitrates were consumed. Dur- 
ing this same period, as well as during the latter part 
of 1915, the works consumed an average of from 40 to 50 
cars of coal a day — an average daily coal consumption of 
between 2,000 and 3,000 tons. The maximum daily coal 



28 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

consumption during this period averaged from 4,000 to 
5,000 tons. 

The works are operated by their own power. The 
steam equipment is capable of producing from 60,000 
to 70,000 horsepower and of generating about 30,000 
electrical horsepower. The company's water system has 
a daily capacity of about 40,000,000 gallons. Water 
is derived principally from the Appomattox river and 
purified by a combined coagulation, filtration and chemi- 
cal sterilization process before being used in the manu- 
facturing operations. 

The estimated population in the Hopewell-City Point 
district on July 1, 1916, was 20,000 to 25,000. 

History of City Point 

In view of this phenomenal industrial development 
that has taken place around City Point, a brief account 
of its history is of interest. 

The place was established more than 300 years ago 
by Sir Thomas Dale in December, 1613, under the name 
of Bermuda City. Before the establishment of the du- 
Pont works, the normal population of the community, 
even in its most prosperous days, had not exceeded 500. 
In 1619 it became the capital of Charles City Corpora- 
tion under the name of Charles City, and in 1621 was 
selected as the site of the East India school. This school 
was destroyed and the students massacred in the Indian 
raids of the following year which wiped out the James 
river settlements. 

In 1702 that part of Charles City county lying on 
the south side of the James river was formed into the 
county of Prince Greorge, and the name of Charles City 
subsequently gave way to that of ^*City Point,'' in which 
manner the place is mentioned in the records of Prince 
George county in 1720. 



HOPEWELL-CITY POINT 29 

It was here at City Point that the British landed 
on April 24, 1781, and captured Petersburg. During the 
Civil War, Greneral Grant made City Point his headquar- 
ters for eight months during the campaigns of 1864-5 
against Petersburg and Eichmond. 

Destroyed in the early Indian wars, burned by the 
British in the Revolution, seized and used as a base by 
the Federals in the Civil War, and transformed into one 
of the nation 's important industrial centers by the Euro- 
pean war of 1914, City Point has played a conspicuous 
part in the history of this country. 



IV. CITY OF HOPEWELL 

When Europe plunged into war in the summer of 
1914, the site of what is now the incorporated city of 
Hopewell w^as a peaceful cornfield about a mile back 
from City Point, along what was then a neglected branch 
of the Norfolk and Western railroad to Petersburg. 

The new city had its beginning on April 13, 1915, 
when the owners of the property farcing the entrance 
to the duPont works offered it for sale at auction as 
*Hown lots.'^ One of the most remarkable booms in the 
history of the United States followed. Lots that were 
bought on the day of this sale at from $40 to $500 were 
changing hands a few months later at prices ranging 
from $3,000 to $20,000 apiece. 

Buildings of all kinds and descriptions were erected 
overnight, and in an incredibly short time the old corn- 
field was transformed into a bustling industrial comnuin- 
ity. On December 9, 1915, the heart of this new city was 
swept b^^ a fire which destroyed a half -million dollars' 
worth of property. The chaos produced by this confla- 
gration caused the governor of Virginia to place the 
conununity under semi-military control in order to 
relieve the county officials of the heavy burden of main- 
taining order until the State legislature could pro^dde a 
special local government. 

Government 

Under an act of February 26, 1916, the militia was 
relieved of further duty, and the govermnent of Hope- 
well, exclusive of City Point, which was left a part of 
Bland magisterial district of Prince Greorge county, was 
temporarily vested in an '* administrative board, ^' com- 
posed of ^ye citizens appointed by the governor to serve 
until July 1, 1916. Under another act of the legislature, 

30 



CITY OF HOPEWELL 31 

approved on the same day, and effective July 1, 1916, 
the Hopewell area was incorporated as a city of the 
first class and its government vested in a mayor and a 
bicameral council. 

In view of the fact that Hopewell became a city be- 
fore a sufficient number of its citizens had resided in 
the community long enough to qualify as voters under 
the Virginia suffrage laws, the act of incorporation pro- 
vided that the governor should appoint the mayor and 
members of the council to serve until their successors 
are elected on later specified dates. The other elective 
city officials were appointed by the council, also to serve 
until their successors are elected later at designated elec- 
tions. 

The following diagram shows the general organiza- 
tion of the city government of Hopewell as authorized 
under the provisions of the act of the General Assem- 
bly of Virginia of February 26, 1916. 



32 



PETERSBURG, VIRGI N lA 




CITY OF HOPEWELL 33 

Housing Facilities 

On May 1, 1916, there were 1,076 buildings in Hope- 
well and vicinity, exclusive of the duPont villages, and 
167 at City Point, with a combined value of about $1,500,- 
000. Of these buildings, 577 were used primarily as 
dwellings. Frame and metal-covered frame construc- 
tion predominated. Ninety-three brick buildings were 
reported on this date, of which 69 were located in the 
business section of Hopewell, replacing, in many in- 
stances, frame buildings destroyed in the fire of Decem- 
ber 9, 1915. 

In addition to these buildings, there are more than 
1,600 company cottages, bungalows and family apart- 
ment buildings located in the duPont villages outside of 
the works, and 230 bunk-houses inside the enclosure, hav- 
ing a combined value of about $1,800,000. The number 
of persons housed in company dwellings on July 1, 1916, 
was 15,305, or about 75 per cent of the total combined 
population of the Hopewell-City Point area. 

Water Supply 

Hopewell already has a good sewerage system ; while 
its present water supply is derived from driven wells 
of a depth of about 120 feet. The daily capacity of the 
present water system, which is controlled by private 
interests, is about 300,000 gallons. In addition to tliis, 
one of the Hopewell subdivisions has an independent 
water system which includes a tank reservoir of 100,000 
gallons' capacity. 

As a special precaution against another fire, the Hope- 
well city mains have been connected with the fire mains 
of the duPont works, which have a capacity of about 
2,000 gallons per minute under 125-pound pressure. 



34 PETERSBURG. VIRGINIA 

Electric Power 

Electric current for lighting and domestic power pur- 
poses is furnished in Hopewell by the Petersburg and 
Appomattox Railway Company, which in turn purchases 
its power from the Virginia Eailway and Power Com- 
pany at Petersburg. The duPont villages, as well as the 
company ^s detached houses, are furnished with elec- 
tricity from the works. 

Civic Progress 

Rapid progress is being made in the improvement 
of streets and sidewalks in the city, and as soon as 
the new government is thoroughly organized general 
civic conditions can be greatly improved. 



V. CLASSIFICATION OF PETERSBURG 
INDUSTRIES 

Petersburg, as has been stated, is one of the most 
important tobacco, peanut and trunk manufacturing cen- 
ters in the United States. It also has important wood- 
working establishments. These four primary industries 
are supplemented with ten important secondary indus- 
tries, and more than twenty other small miscellaneous 
industries. 

The secondary industries include establishments 
manufacturing books and printed matter, cotton goods 
and yarns, fertilizers, fireworks, foundry and machine- 
shop products, grist-mill products, leather, trousers, silk 
throwsters, and straw hats. 

The miscellaneous group includes establishments 
manufacturing agricultural implements, bakery pro- 
ducts, brick and tile, brooms, butter, carriages and 
wagons and their materials, confectionery and ice-cream, 
electricity for power and lighting, flavoring extracts, gas 
for illuminating and heating, ice, liquors, mattresses, 
mineral and soda waters, monuments and tombstones, 
optical goods, patent medicines, pens (fountain), sad- 
dlery and harness, steam laundrying, tools (electric), 
and upholstering materials. Extensive sand and gravel 
excavating also is carried on in the inmiediate \dcinity 
of Petersburg. 

Map 8, between pages 36 and 37, shows the general 
grouping of the primary and secondary industrial estab- 
lishments in Petersburg and the excellent intra-city rail- 
road transportation facilities which they possess. An 
inspection of this map reveals that the main lines of 
the Norfolk and Western, the Atlantic Coast Line and 
of the Seaboard Air Line railroads pass directly through 

35 



36 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

the city, while the low-grade freight lines of the Atlantic 
Coast Line and of the Norfolk and Western pass around 
the city on the western and southern edges, respectively. 
Within the corporate limits, or just beyond them, are 
numerous unoccupied industrial sites that can be 
acquired at nominal prices. 




INDUSTRIAL MAP 
/' PETERSBURG -VA. 

/ 1916 



VI. TOBACCO INDUSTRY 

Considering it as a whole, the tobacco industry is 
the most important of the primary industries at Peters- 
burg. Extensive establishments of the British- American 
Tobacco Company, of the Export Leaf Tobacco Com- 
pany, of the Maclin-Zinmier-McGill Tobacco Company, 
and of Seidenberg and Company are located here. In 
addition to the plants operated by these concerns, there 
are four other concerns operating leaf rehandling fac- 
tories,® an independent cigar factory,^ and three large 
sales warehouses. ^^ Under normal conditions, these 
establishments employ more than 3,000 persons. 

The tobacco manufactures include cigarettes — which 
are made exclusively for the export trade ; cigars ; smok- 
ing tobacco' — also for the export trade; and plug 
and twist tobacco. The annual value of these products 
exceeds $6,500,000. The amount of these manufactures 
is shown in the following table: 



Table 3. — Number of cigarettes and cigars, and number founds of smoking 
tobacco, and of plug and twist tobacco manufactured at Petersburg, 1913- 
1915* 



Year 


Cigarettes 
(Number) 


Cigars 
(Number) 


Smoking 

tobacco 

(Pounds) 


Plug 

and twist 

tobacco 

(Pounds) 


1913 1 

1914 [ 

1915 J 

Annual average. . . 


6,367.386,000 
2,122,482,000 


39,600,000 
13,200,000 


1.791,000 
597,000 


16,383,000 
5,461,000 



*Compiled from official records, and special statements furnished by the 
several manufacturers. 



8Wm. B. Beach and Company; Casey and Company; James H. 
Gray; and R. A, Orr and Company. 

9James W. Wells. 

loMoore's Warehouse; Oaks Warehouse Company; and the Vir- 
ginia Warehouse. 

37 



38 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Leaf Industry 

In addition to its manufactures of tobacco, Peters- 
burg annually stems or rehandles about 30,000,00 pounds 
of leaf tobacco for the domestic and export trade. Ap- 
proximately 25,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco annually 
are exported from Petersburg, while from 3,000,000 to 
5,000,000 pounds are imported for use in the local fac- 
tories. Taking into consideration the amount of leaf 
consumed by the local factories in the manufacture of 
cigarettes, cigars, and smoking, plug and twist tobacco, 
the total amount of leaf tobacco stemmed and rehandled 
at Petersburg during a normal year amounts to more 
than 50,000,000 pounds. 

Petersburg also is an important leaf tobacco market. 
The following table shows the amount of leaf sold on 
the Petersburg warehouses in the years 1911-1916. 



Table 4. — Amount of leaf tobacco sold on the Petershura icarehovses, hy specified 
grades, 1911-1916* 



Year ending Sepiemher SOih. 


A^ umber pounds sold 


Dark 


Bright 


Total 


1911 


6,738,730 
6,911,380 
5,872,290 
5,393,420 
2,872,603 
3,600,000 


1.300,990 
2,423,286 
1,720.660 


6.738.730 


1912 

1913. 


6.911.380 
5.872.290 


1914 


6.694,410 


1915 


5.295,889 


1916 


5 , 320 , 660 







*Compiled from the records of the several Petersburg warehouses. 

Cigarettes 

Cigarettes manufactured at Petersburg all go into 
the export trade. Of the two billion or more cigarettes 
annually made here, about 90 per cent are marketed in 
Asia, about 3 per cent in Central America, about 2 per 
cent in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Denmark), 



TOBACCO INDUSTRY 39 

while the other 5 per cent are sent to all parts of the 
world. 

In connection with the manufacture of cigarettes, 
there are annually imported at Petersburg between 12,- 
000 and 15,000 pounds of Turkish tobacco, valued at 
about 50 cents a pound ; about $15,000 worth of cigarette 
paper from France and Austria ; a large quantity of tin 
from England for use as casing ; and a large assortment 
of advertising cards and novelties which are enclosed 
in the cigarette packages, especially in the packages ex- 
ported to China. 

Cigars 

Cigars made at Petersburg are of the 5 and 10 cent 
grade, and are sold exclusively in the domestic markets. 
The industry includes two cigar factories, with a com- 
bined output of between 10,000,000 and 15,000,000 cigars 
a year, and a large stemmery, which annually handles 
between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco. 

Approximately 3,500,000 pounds of Cuban and Porto 
Rican tobacco annually is imported for use in the Pe- 
tersburg cigar industry. 

SmoMng Tobacco 

About 50 per cent of the smoking tobacco annuall}^, 
manufactured at Petersburg — between 500,000 and 600,- 
000 pounds — is marketed in Australia and New Zealand, 
about 10 per cent in Java, and the rest in Central 
America and other parts of the world. None of the 
smoking tobacco made at Petersburg is sold in the do- 
mestic markets. 

Plug and Twist Tobacco 

Petersburg also manufactures between 5,000,000 and 
6,000,000 pounds of plug and twist tobacco, of which 
more than 95 per cent is exported. Sixty per cent of 



40 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

the amount exported goes to Australia and New Zealand. 
The rest is sold in Central America, the British West 
Indies, Canada and England. That which goes to Eng- 
land is used chiefly in ship supplies and finds its way 
into all parts of the world. 

For use in this industry, large quantities of licorice 
are imported at Petersburg from Spain. Licorice is 
used in flavoring the tobacco. 

Leaf Exports 

In addition to its importance as an export tobacco 
manufacturing center, Petersburg also is an important 
community for the export of leaf tobacco. The city's 
export trade in leaf tobacco is carried on by four con- 
cerns, each of which has extensive rehandling plants at 
Petersburg. Of these firms, the Export Leaf Tobacco 
Company is the most important. 

The combined leaf exports at Petersburg amount to 
about 25,000,000 pounds a year, under normal conditions. 
Leaf tobacco rehandled at Petersburg for export prin- 
cipally goes to England, India, China, Japan, Austra- 
lasia, Africa, South and Central America, and to Aus- 
tria, Italy, France, Netherlands and Spain." This to- 
bacco is grown principally in Virginia, North Carolina 
and South Carolina, from where it is sent to Petersburg 
to be prepared for export. 

iiln 1913, the United States exported leaf tobacco as fol- 
lows: 

Country Pounds 

United Kingdom 175,026,020 

France 48,154,511 

Italy 40,567,680 

Germany 31,697,427 

Netherlands • • 28,997,185 

Spain 21,384,529 

AU other countries 98,544,309 

Total 444,371,661 

Compiled from "Tobacco Trade of the World," Special Con- 
sular Reports — No. 68, United States Bureau of Foreign and Do- 
mestic Commerce, 1915, p. 10. 



TOBACCO INDUSTRY 41 

In 1909, according to the Thirteenth Census of the 
United States, the total production of leaf tobacco in 
the United States^' amounted to 1,055,764,806 pounds,'' 
as follows: 

state Pounds 

Virginia 132,979,390 

North Carolina 138,813,163 

South Carolina 25,583,049 

297,375,602 

Kentucky 398,482,301 

All other States 359,906,903 

Total United States 1,055,764,806 

The Thirteenth Census also reported that more than 
30,000,000 pounds of tobacco is grown within a radius 
of fifty miles of Petersburg in the Virginia counties 
south of the James river, which compose the city's local 
trade territory/* The map which follows shows the 
strategic geographical location of Petersburg with ref- 
erence to the tobacco producing areas of the United 
States. 



i2The annual tobacco crop of the world amounts to between 
2,500,000,000 and 3,000,000,000 pounds, of which the United 
States produces about 35 per cent, India about 16 per cent, Russia 
about 8 per cent, Austria-Hungary about 6.5 per cent, the Dutch 
East Indies about 6 per cent, and all the other countries together 
about 28.5 per cent. 

The Turkish tobacco crop averages about 75,000,000 pounds 
a year, and the Cuban crop about 50,000,000 a year. 

Compiled from "Tobacco Trade of the World," Special Con- 
sular Reports — No. 68, United States Bureau of Foreign and Do- 
mestic Commerce, 1915, p. 7. 

i3"Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," Vol. V, 
p. 676. 

i4See table 27, p. 109. 



42 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 




TOBACCO INDUSTRY 43 

Labor Employed 

Employment in the Petersburg tobacco factories is 
afforded more than 3,000 wage earners, as follows : 

Cigarette factories — Number 

White women and girls 700 

White men and boys 500 

Cigar factories — 

White women and girls 300 

Tobacco factories (smoking, plug, twist and leaf) — 

Negro men and boys 1,000 

Negro women and girls 500 

Total 3,000 

In the warehouses, storage sheds, freight yards, and 
as teamsters, etc., the tobacco industry provides employ- 
ment for a number of other persons who are not included 
among the factory employes enumerated above. 



VII. PEANUT INDUSTRY 

According to the Thirteenth Census of the United 
States, the peanut factories at Petersburg produce 22 
per cent of the value of peanuts graded, roasted, cleaned 
and shelled in Virginia, and 18 per cent of the value 
manufactured in the United States. Approximately 
3,000,000 bushels of peanuts annually are handled by 
the Petersburg factories, while the total amount of pea- 
nuts handled in the city each season averages between 
3,250,000 and 3,500,000 bushels, valued at about $1 per 
bushel. The factory product is marketed chiefly in the 
large northern cities, while between $50,000 and $100,000 
worth of peanuts are exported to Canada annually. 

The local peanut industry includes seven large fac- 
tories,^^ one peanut hull products mill,^® and six mar- 
keting agencies.^^ 

The report of the Federal census of manufactures 
in 1914 gives the following figures for the Petersburg 
peanut grading, roasting, cleaning and shelling indus- 
try.^« 

Number of establishments 5 

Persons engaged in the industry 299 

Proprietors and firm members 1 

Salaried employes 28 

Wage earners (average number) 270 

Primary horsepower 565 

Capital $ 539,575 

isOn July 1, 1916, the following peanut factories were in opera- 
tion: Earnhardt Mercantile Company; Columbia Peanut Company; 
Dixie Peanut Company; John H. Maclin Peanut Company; Riverside 
Peanut Company; Mortimer Williams; and the J. B. Worth Com- 
pany. 

leSouthern Peanut Hull Mills. 

iTArrington and Green; E. A. Hartley and Bro.; Martin and 
Sons; P. Raftery and Son; Robinson and Purdy Corporation; and 
Rogers, Plummer and Company. 

isFigures furnished by the United States Bureau of the Census 
on special request. 

44 



PEANUT INDUSTRY 45 

Services 95,606 

Salaries 31,900 

Wages 63,706 

Materials 2,551,980 

Value of products 2,800,861 

Peanut Production 

In 1909, according to the Thirteenth Census of the 
United States, 3,672,246 bushels of peanuts were grown 
in Virginia within a radius of fifty miles of Petersburg, 
while the entire annual Virginia crop is grown within 
100 miles of the city. A glance at map 10, on page 46, 
shows that the bulk of the peanut crop of the United 
States is produced in Virginia and North Carolina with- 
in 100 to 150 miles of Petersburg/^ 

The production of peanuts in the twelve Southside 
Virginia counties included in Petersburg's local trade 
territory exceeded 2,000,000 bushels in 1909. Map 16, 
on page 110, shows that peanuts are grown principally in 
the counties east of the city^ — ^in Sussex, Surry and 

i9The production of peanuts in the United States in 1909, by 
States, was as follows: 

State Bushels 

Total United States 19,415,816 

North Carolina 5,980,919 

Virginia 4,284,340 

Georgia 2,569,787 

Florida 2,315,089 

Alabama . 1,573,796 

Texas 1,074,998 

Tennessee 547,240 

Louisiana 412,037 

Mississippi 284,791 

Arkansas 168,608 

South Carolina 154,822 

Oklahoma 31,880 

All other States 17,509 

Compiled from "Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," 
Vol. V, table 59, p. 629. 



46 



PETERSBURG. VIRGINIA 




PEANUT INDUSTRY 47 

Prince George. The amount of peanuts produced in 
the Southside counties in 1909 was as follows :^^ 

County Bushels 

Amelia 100 

Brunswick 60,506 

Chesterfield 65,113 

Dinwiddie 231,965 

Greensville 175,518 

Lunenburg 13 

Mecklenburg 14,779 

Nottoway 412 

Prince Edward 5 

Prince George 431,586 

Surry 463,980 

Sussex 569,205 

Total 2,013,182 

Labor Employed 

In January and February — after the local peanut 
crop largely has been marketed — the Petersburg peanut 
factories give employment to between 300 and 400 negro 
wage earners. In August, just before the new crop be- 
gins to come in, the number averages about 200. About 
80 per cent of the labor employed in these factories are 
negro women and girls, all of whom are reported by the 
Federal census of manufactures in 1914 to be over six- 
teen years of age. 

Wages in the peanut industry are standardized in 
Virginia and adhered to in all of the Southeast Virginia 
communities except at Suffolk, where lower wages are 
paid. The standard wage for negro women is $3 a week, 
and for men $7.50 per week. These wages are paid by 
all the Petersburg plants. No difficulty is experienced 
at Petersburg in securing all the negro labor desired 
at these rates. 



2oCompiled from "Thirteenth. Census of the United States, 
1910," Vol. VII, table 4, p. 810. 



VIII. TRUNK AND VALISE INDUSTRY. 

Petersburg is one of the largest trunk and valise 
manufacturing centers in the United States. The affili- 
ated companies under the American Hardware Com- 
pany,-^ the Totty Trunk and Bag Company, and the Rog- 
ers and Madison Trunk Corporation, together give em- 
plo^onent, under normal conditions, to more than 2,000 
wage earners. The normal annual output of these fac- 
tories is valued at between $2,500,000 and $3,000,000. 
The value of Petersburg-made trunks and valises annu- 
ally exported amounts to about $150,000.^^ 

Statistics of the Petersburg trunk and valise in- 
dustry, based on the Federal census of manufactures 
of 1914, are as follows :^^ 

Number of establishments 7 

Persons engaged in the industry 1,135 

Proprietors and firm members 5 

Salaried employes 142 

Wage earners (average number) 988 

Primary horsepower 783 

Capital $2,264,059 

Services 528,138 

Salaries 143,314 

Wages 384,824 

Materials 1,006,860 

Value of products 1,935,373 

In accepting these figures as an index of the impor- 
tance of the Petersburg trunk and valise industry, it 

2iThe affiliated manufacturing concerns under the American 
Hardware Company on December 1, 1916, were as follows: Seward 
Trunk and Bag Company; Virginia Trunk and Bag Company; Pe- 
tersburg Trunk and Bag Company. 

The wholesale and distributing concerns included the Standard 
Trunk and Bag Company; Petersburg Travelling Goods Company; 
and the Appomattox Trunk and Bag Company. 

22The companies manufacturing for the export trade are the 
Seward Trunk and Bag Company, and the Virginia Trunk and Bag 
Company. 

23Figures furnished by the United States Bureau of the Cen- 
sus on special request. 

48 



TRUNK INDUSTRY 49 

should be kept in mind that the 1914 census covers a 
period in which the local industry was almost idle on 
account of the depression to which the European war 
subjected nearly all American non-munition industries. 
The potential importance of this industry at Petersburg, 
however, is clearly indicated by the $2,264,059 of in- 
vested capital — an item which the war did not affect 
during the census year. 

Baw Materials 

The trunk industry at Petersburg annually consumes 
about 15,000,000 feet of lumber, a part of which, how- 
ever, is in the form of veneer. Yellow pine from the 
Southside Virginia counties and from North Carolina 
is used almost exclusively in the construction of the 
trunk boxes. A small quantity of poplar, cypress and 
gum — principally in the form of veneer — also is used. 

Hardware used in the manufacture of the trunks and 
valises is purchased largely in New Jersey, New York 
and Connecticut, while a large amount of the fiber used 
comes from Pennsylvania. According to the Federal 
census of 1914, more than $1,000,000 was expended by 
the Petersburg factories for materials in that year. 

Labor Employed 

According to the Federal census, the largest number 
of persons are employed in the Petersburg trunk fac- 
tories in May and the smallest number in December. 
Ninety per cent of the operatives enumerated in 1914 
were white men and bo^^s over sixteen years of age. A 
few white women and girls are employed in the lining 
departments of the several plants. As has been stated, 
the Petersburg trunk and valise industry gives employ- 
ment, under normal conditions, to between 2,000 and 
2,500 persons. 



IX. WOODWOORKING INDUSTRY 

Petersburg's woodworking industry annually pro- 
duces goods valued at between $1,000,000 and $1,500,000, 
and gives employment to more than 500 persons. Ex- 
clusive of the box-making departments in the trunk and 
tobacco factories, the local woodworking industry in- 
cludes 3 box mills,-* 1 cooperage, rim and veneer works,^^ 
1 excelsior mill,^° 5 lumber and planing mills,^^ and 1 
turning and carving mill.^^ These plants annually con- 
sume between 65,000,000 and 75,000,000 feet of lumber, 
of which about 95 per cent is yellow pine from Virginia 
and North Carolina. 

An average of about 2,000 cars of box shooks are 
made annually at Petersburg, under normal conditions, 
of which an amount valued at about $50,000 goes into the 
export trade in the form of containers for soap, con- 
densed milk and other canned goods. The bulk of the 
output of these mills is marketed chiefly in the North 
and in the Middle West east of the Mississippi river. 

Timber Supply 

The relative importance of the wood-using industries 
at Petersburg have caused speculation as to whether 
or not the timber supply within easy reach of the city 
is sufficient to care for the rapidly grooving demands of 
the local establishments. 

Mr. R. Chapin Jones, States forester of Virginia, 
says that in his opinion the adequacy of the timber sup- 

2*Appomattox Box Shook Company; Petersburg Wood Supply- 
Company; and the Virginia Lumber and Box Company, 

25Petersburg Rim and Veneer Company. 

26Petersburg Excelsior Mills. 

27Hobbs-Hoy Company; Petersburg Builders' Supply Company; 
Roper Bros. Lumber Company (Vosburg Lumber Company) ; Jacob 
Savage; and the West End Woodworking Company. 

28Petersburg Woodworking Company. 

50 



WOODWORKING INDUSTRY 



51 



ply in the Petersburg-Hopewell area depends entirely 
on how the owners of the woodland care for and manage 
their property. An adequate supply of timber is avail- 
able, he says, for all purposes for many years to come 
if the forests are cared for properly. 

The following table, which shows the estimated stand 
of timber in Virginia, North Carolina and South Caro- 
lina in 1916 — a large percentage of which is available 
for use in the Petersburg industries, substantiates the 
contention that the supply of timber within reach of the 
local industries is sufficient to provide for every demand. 



Table 5. — Estimated stand of yellow pine, cypress and hardwood timber in Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, 1916* 



Kind of wood 



Virginia 

{Billions 

of feet 

B.M.) 



North 
Carolina 
{Billions 

of fep.t 
B. M.) 



South 
Carolina 
{Billions 

offeei 
B.M.) 



Total 
{Billions 

of feet 
B.M.) 



Yellow pinef 

Cypress 

Hardwoods. . 

Total. . . . 



8.7 

.2 

5.6 



25.6 

3.0 

14.3 



19.2 
2.6 
8.9 



53.5 

5.8 

28.8 



14.5 



42.9 



30.7 



.1 



*Figures furnished by the United States Forest Service, 
t" Yellow pine" as here used includes loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and scrub 
pine. 



The amount of lumber produced within the imme- 
diate vicinity of Petersburg in Virginia averages between 
550,000,000 and 600,000,000 feet per annum. Of this 
amount, more than 500,000,000 feet is yellow pine. The 
annual production of lumber in Virginia within fifty 
miles of Petersburg, by counties, is shown in the fol- 
lowing table: 



52 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Table 6. — Annual production of lumber in Virginia within a radius ef 50 miles 
of Petersburg, by specified Southside counties, as reported by the Thirteenth 
Census* 



Amelia 

Brunswick. . . . 
Chesterfield. . . 
DinT\dddie . . . . 

Greensville 

Isle of Wight. . 
Lunenburg. . . . 
Mecklenburg. . 

Nottoway 

Prince George. 
Southampton. 

Surry 

Sussex 



County 



Total 584,875,000 



Total cut 

all kinds 

{Feet B. M.) 



18,446,000 
78,510,000 
39,599,000 
84,138,000 
37,570,000 
21,615,000 
48,632,000 
47,415,000 
19,448.000 
3,059.000 
95,474,000 
70,483,000 
20,486,000 



Cut of 
yellow pine 
{Feet B. M.) 



13,917,000 
73,010,000 
35,574,000 
76,006,000 
37,228,000 
19,445,000 
37,330,000 
41,266,000 
16,037,000 
2,016,000 
78,324,000 
68,662,000 
19,162,000 



517,977,000 



*Figures furnished by the State Forester of Virginia based on the Thirteenth 
Census of the United States. 



Virginia annually produces nearly one billion feet of 
lumber in excess of the total State consumption — ^now 
shipped away' — ^which is available for local use. More 
than a half billion of this surplus cut consists of yellow 
pine from the southeastern counties and can be assem- 
bled easily at Petersburg at a relatively low cost. The 
annual surplus cut of yellow pine in North Carolina ex- 
ceeds 1 billion and a quarter feet, which also is available 
for use at Petersburg. 

The following table shows the annual surplus pro- 
duction of lumber in Virginia, by specified kinds of wood, 
which can be drawn upon to supply the wood-using in- 
dustries at Petersburg. 



WOODWORKING INDUSTRY 



53 



Table 7. — Annual surplus production in Virginia of specified kinds of icood> 
now exported, which is available for use in the wood-using industries at 
Petersburg 



Kind of wood* 



Virginia pr o- 

duction, 1914t 

{Feet B. M.) 



Annual Virginia 

consumption of 

home-grown 

woodsX 

(Feet B. M.) 



Annual surplus of 
Virginia pro- 
duction avail- 
able for Peters- 
burg industries 
{Feet B. M.) 



Total of all kinds 

specified 

Yellow piiie§ 

Oak 

Poplar.. 

White pme 

Cypress 



341,128,000 

961,521,000 

292,546,000 

65,777,000 

12,714,000 

8,570,000 



428,557,876 

360,975,641 

37,900,037 

19,690,033 

6,850,465 

3,141,700 



912,570,124 

600,545,359 

254,645,963 

46,086,967 

5,863,535 

5,428,300 



*Gum is omitted from this table, as the production is less than the quantity 
consumed in the Virginia industries. See table 8, p. 53, showing the North 
Carolina supply available for the Petersburg industries. 

t Statistics furnished by the United States Forest Service. 

{Compiled from "Wood-Using Industries of Virginia," by Roger E. Sim- 
mons (Virginia Department of Agriculture and Immigration, 1912), table 
2, p. 17. 

§• 'Yellow pine" as here used includes loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and scrub 
pine. 

In the next table is shown the annual surplus produc- 
tion of lumber in North Carolina, which also is avail- 
ble for use at Petersburg. 

Table 8. — Annual surplus production in North Carolina of specified kinds of 
wood available for use in the wood-using industries at Petersburg 



Kind of wood 



North Carolina 
pr oducti on, 
1914* 
{Feet B.M.) 



Annual North 
Carolina consump- 
tion of 
home-grown 

woods'\ 
{Feet B. M.) 



Annual surplus of 
North Carolina 
production avail- 
ab e for Peters- 
burg industries 
{Feet B. M.) 



Total of kinds speci 

fied 

Yellow pinet 

Oak 

Poplar 

Gum 

White pine 

Cypress 



2,034,234,000 
1,715,158,000 
184,898,000 
49,751,000 
43,602,000 
23,885,000 
16,940,000 



624,852,000 

415,081,000 

140,178,000 

27,155,000 

26,573,000 

13,115,000 

2,750,000 



1,409,382,000 
1,300,077,000 
44,720,000 
22,596,000 
17,029,000 
10,770,000 
14,190,000 



* Statistics furnished by the United States Forest Service. 

tCompiled from "Wood-Using Industries of North Carolina," by Roger 
E. Simmons (North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1910), table 
2, p. 14. 

t" Yellow pine" as here used includes loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and scrub 
pine. 



54 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Freight Rate Advantages 

Logs and cut lumber can be assembled at Peters- 
burg from important North Carolina points more 
cheaply than at Richmond, and at the same low freight 
rates charged from these points to Norfolk, Suffolk, 
Franklin and Emporia. With the exception of a 
little lower rate from Georgetown, South Carolina, 
to Norfolk, the rates from Washington, Newbern, Fay- 
etteville and Wilmington, North Carolina, for instance, 
are the same to Petersburg as they are to Norfolk. This 
is significant of the relative advantages possessed by 
the Petersburg-Hopewell area when the importance of 
the lumber industry at Norfolk is taken into considera- 
tion. 

The following table shows the freight rates on logs 
and cut lumber from Washington, Newbern, Fayette- 
ville and Wilmington, North Carolina, and from George- 
town, South Carolina, to Petersburg, compared with 
the rates to Richmond, Norfolk, Suffolk, Franklin and 
Emporia, which are the important lumber manufactur- 
ing competitors of Petersburg in the southeast Virginia 
territory. 



Table 9. — Freight rates on logs and cut lumber from specified North Carolina 
and South Carolina points to Petersburg, compared with Richmorid, Nor- 
folk, Suffolk, Franklin and Emporia* 




To— 

{In cents per 100 Ibs.—C. L. minimum 34,000 lbs.) 


From — 


Peters- 
burg 


Rich- 

mrnd, 

Va. 


N'or- 
folk, 
Va. 


Suffolk, 
Va. 


Frank- 
lin, 
Va. 


Em- 
poria, 
Va. 


Norlh Carolina: 
Fayetteville. . . . 

Newbern 

Washington. . . . 
Wilmington. . . . 

South Carolina: 
Georgetown. . . . 


9 
8 

7K 
9 

13 


10 

8 

7^ 
10 

14 


9 

8 

9 
10 


9 

8 

7H 

9 

13 


9 

9 ' 
13 


s" 

7y2 

9 
13 



*Rates fmnished by the General Development Agent, Seaboard Air Line 
Railway Company, December 14, 1916. 



WOODWORKING INDUSTRY 



55 



The relative freight rate advantage possessed by Pe- 
tersburg for marketing box shooks, for instance, over 
North Carolina points is shown in the following table : 

Table 10. — Freight rates on box shooks from Petersburg to designated northern 
and middle western -points, compared with Fayetteville, Newbern and Wash- 
ington, North Carolina* 



To— 


From, — 
(In cents per 100 Ibs.—C. L. minimum 34,000 lbs.) 


Petersburg 


Fayetteville, 
N.C. 


Newbern, 

N.C. 


Washington, 
N.C. 


Baltimore, Md 

Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 
New York, N. Y. . . . 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

ChiUicothe, 

Chicago, 111 


93^ 

123^ 

183^ 
13 
16 
20 


16 
19 
25 
22 
25 
29 


15 
18 
24 
21 

24 

28 


nVi 
233^ 
203^ 
23M 
273^ 



*Rates furnished by the General Development Agent, Seaboard Air Line 
Railway Company, December 14, 1916. 

Labor Employed 

Approximately 60 per cent of the labor employed in 
the Petersburg woodworking establishments are negro 
men and boys, who are engaged chiefly in the unskilled 
occupations. White men and boys compose the other 40 
per cent. Skilled work is performed chiefly by white 
labor at a daily wage of from $2 to $3.50. Ten hours a 
day are worked in all the mills. 

In one of the larger mills, 
earners w^ere emplo^^ed on July 
lows: 

Number 



for example, 225 wage 
1, 1916, grouped as fol- 



White men. 
White boys 



80 
4 



Total white. 



Negro men. 
Negro boys . 



84 

116 
25 



Rate of wages 
$1.25 to $2.25 per day. 
8 cents an hour. 



$1.25 to $1.75 per day. 
8 cents an hour. 



Total negro 141 

Total number of wage earners. . 225 



X. SECONDARY AND LnSCELLANEOUS 
INDUSTRIES 

Supplementing the tobacco, peanut, trunk and valise, 
and woodworking industries, Petersburg has a group 
of ten important secondary industries and more than 
twenty smaller miscellaneous industries. Included in 
the secondary group are clothing factories, cotton mills, 
fertilizer plants, fireworks establishments, foundries 
and machine-shops, grist-mills, hat factories, leather 
works, printing and publishing houses, and silk mills. 

Clothing Industry 

The clothing industry at Petersburg gives employ- 
ment to between 50 and 100 white girls and about a dozen 
white men. The principal manufacturing establish- 
ment^® in the city makes woolen trousers exclusively, 
which are marketed in the South, chiefly in Virginia and 
Tennessee. Overalls also are manufactured on a large 
scale. 

Cotton Industry 

Between 200 and 250 white wage earners are em- 
ployed in the Petersburg cotton mills, of whom 65 per 
cent are women and girls. No negroes are employed. 
Cotton drills, ducks, sheeting and hosiery yarns are 
manufactured. ^° The mills are operated by water power. 

The yarn mills, which are located on Swift creek, in 
Chesterfield county, about three miles north of Peters- 
burg,^^ alone consume more than 1,000,000 pounds of raw 

29Jacob Cohen and Sons. 

3oOn July 1, 1916, only two mills were in operation — the Pocahon- 
tas mills of the Virginia Consolidated Milling Company, which make 
the drills, ducks and sheeting; and the Swift Creek mills of the 
Chesterfield Manufacturing Company, which manufacture cotton 
hosiery yarns exclusively. Neither the Matoaca nor the Ettrick 
mills are at present in operation, 

3iSee map 2, between pp. 14 and 15. 

56 



SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 57 

cotton a year, and have an annual production valued at 
about $250,000. About one-half of the yarn produced 
in these mills is exported and sold in the South American 
markets. 

Including the consumption of the duPont works, be- 
tween 500,000 and 600,000 500-pound bales of cotton are 
now handled at Petersburg annually. Between 10,000 
and 15,000 bales are received and handled on the local 
market each season; while within a radius of 100 miles 
of Petersburg in Virginia and North Carolina about 
150,000 bales of cotton are produced annually.^^ 

The average value of the annual cotton crop grown 
in the Southside Virginia counties included in Peters- 
burghs local trade territory is about $500,000.^^ The 
average yield per acre in these counties is higher than 
the average for the United States ; higher than in Geor- 
gia, and nearly twice as great as the average yield per 
acre in Texas.** 



32See map 11, p. 58. 

The following Petersburg firms handle cotton: Arrington and 
Green; E. A. Hartley and Bro.; Martin and Sons; Robinson and Purdy 
Corporation; and Rogers, Plummer and Company. 

33See map 16, p. 110. 

34"Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," Vol. V, table 
98, p. 682. 



58 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 




SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 59 

Fertiliser Industry 

Twenty thousand tons of dry-mixed fertilizers, valued 
at about $500,000, are manufactured annually at Peters- 
burg and sold to the farmers in the Southside Virginia 
counties. This industry includes three separate esta- 
lishments,^^ the largest of which has an annual capacity 
of between 8,000 and 10,000 tons. About 100 negro 
men are employed in the industry, who are paid $1.25 a 
day for ten hours, and 15 cents an hour for overtime 
during the rush season. 

A total of between 75,000 and 100,000 tons of fertil- 
izers are used annually in the local territory, which 
insures a steady nearby market for the output of the 
Petersburg plants. According to the Thirteenth Census 
of the United States, for example, more than $750,000 
was expended for fertilizers in the twelve Southside Vir- 
ginia counties in Petersburg's local trade territory in 
1909,^' while a total of $6,932,455 was expended in Vir- 
ginia during the same year. 

35Camp Manufacturing Company; Pocomoke Guano Company; and 
a branch of the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Company. 

seExpenditures for fertilizers in the twelve Southside Virginia 
counties in Petersburg's local trade territory, by counties, in 1909, was 
as follows: 

County Value 

Amelia $ 35,417 

Brunswick 72,960 

Chesterfield 25,587 

Dinwiddle 72,474 

Greensville 35,421 

Lunenburg 80,448 

Mecklenburg 138,149 

Nottoway 39,409 

Prince Edward 70,618 

Prince George 56,136 

Surry 40,801 

Sussex 88,789 

Total $756,209 

Compiled from "Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," 
Vol. VII, table 4, p. 810. 



60 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Phosphates and the other materials can be assem- 
bled, mixed and marketed more cheaply at Petersburg 
than at any competitive point now selling in the Peters- 
burg territory, and plans are being made to increase 
considerably the local fertilizer production. 

Fireworks Industry 

The National Fireworks Company operates a plant 
at Petersburg which turns out about $200,000 worth of 
fireworks a year. This plant employs between 25 and 50 
wage earners' — chiefly negro women and girls, who are 
employed in the unskilled occupations. A small number 
of skilled white women and girls also are employed. 

In addition to its use as a manufacturing plant, this 
establishment is used by the National Fireworks Com- 
pany as a distributing house for the Southeastern States 
through which the products of other of its plants are 
marketed. 

Foundry and Machine Shops 

Under normal conditions an average of between 
$100,000 and $200,000 worth of agricultural, peanut, 
saw-mill, tobacco, trunk and woodworking machinery 
is manufactured annually at Petersburg, of which be- 
tween $25,000 and $50,000 worth is marketed in Europe, 
the West Indies and South America. Agricultural and 
tobacco machinery are the principal articles exported; 
peanut machinery is marketed in Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, Texas, Louisiana and Missouri, while saw-mill ma- 
chinery is sold chiefly in Virginia and North Carolina. 
In addition to the manufacture of machinery, an exten- 
sive local repair and foundry business is conducted. 

Pig iron used in the local foundries is purchased 
principally from Virginia and Alabama furnaces; steel 
shafting is secured from Cumberland, Maryland, and 



SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 61 

Pittsburgh, Peainsylvaaiia ; while steel beams, miscel- 
laneous parts and pipe are purchased very largely in 
Pittsburgh and Youngstown, Ohio. 

The three Petersburg machine shops,^" two of which 
operate foundaries, give employment to about 100 wage 
earners, of whom between 50 and 75 are skilled white 
mechanics. The Federal census of manufactures in 1914 
returned the following statistics for these establish- 
ments.^* 

Number of establishments 3 

Average number of wage earners 63 

Primary horsepower 113 

Wages $ 39,000 

Materials 55,000 

Value of products 112,000 

GristmiUs 

Petersburg has five gristmills,^^ with a combined 
average annual output valued at between $600,000 and 
$650,000. Under normal conditions an average of 750,- 
000 bushels of corn are consumed annually by these mills. 

Hat Industry 

Asiatic and Milan straw valued at about $10,000 is 
imported at Petersburg annually for consumption in the 
local straw hat industry. The industry includes two 
manufactories,*^ and gives employment to between 30 
and 50 white women and girls. The product of these 
establishments is marketed principally in New York, 

3T Appomattox Iron Works and Supply Company; Stratton and 
Bragg Company; and E. E. Titus. The Appomattox Iron Works and 
Supply Company and E. E. Titus operate foundries in connection with 
their machine shops. 

33Figures furnished by the United States Bureau of the Census 
on special request. 

39B. D. Booth and Company; Cockade City Mills; H. P. Munt; J. W. 
Poole and Son; and R. G. Thompson (Swift creek). 

4ooid Dominion Hat Works, Inc.; and E. A. Savory and Sons. 



62 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Philadelphia and Chicago. About $2,000 worth of hats 
annually are exported to Canada. 

The bnlk of the material used is Asiatic straw secured 
from China and Japan. As only a cheap line of hats 
are made, a comparatively small quantity of Milan straw 
is used, which is imported at Petersburg direct from 
Italy. 

I 
Leather Industry 

A rather unique industry carried on at Petersburg 
is that of the Petersburg Leather Company, which im- 
ports annually about $150,000 worth of East Indian 
sheep skins from London and Madras, which are re- 
tanned and finished for the shoe industry in Massachu- 
setts, Maine, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York and 
Virginia. The annual product of this establishment, in- 
cluding the leather scrap sold in Norfolk for use in the 
manufacture of chemical fertilizers, is valued at about 
$250,000. 

This plant employs between 65 and 100 negro wage 
earners, under normal conditions, about 60 per cent of 
whom are females. 

Printing and Publishing Industry 

Between $100,000 and $150,000 worth of printing is 
done annually at Petersburg. The local printing and 
publishing industry includes 8 establishments,*^ which 
give employment to between 50 and 100 persons. Com- 
bined statistics for these plants, according to the Federal 
census of manufactures in 1914, are as follows :*^ 



41 Commercial Printing Company; Franklin Press Company, Inc.; 
Ideal Print Shop; Index- Appeal Publishing Company; Kirkham and 
Company; Frank A. Owen; The Daily Progress; and the Virginia Print- 
ing and Manufacturing Company. 

42Figures furnished by the United States Bureau of the Census on 
special request. 



SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 63 

Number of establishments 8 

Average number of wage earners 49 

Primary horsepower 1,002 

Wages $ 28,000 

Materials 35,000 

Value of products 108,000 

Silk Industry 

Raw silk is imported from China and Japan for 
manufacture at Petersburg valued at about $1,300,000 a 
year. The local mills are controlled by John N. 
Stearns and Company and give employment to about 
150 white women and girls. About 10 or 15 electricians, 
watchmen, mechanics, firemen and teamsters also are 
employed. 

Silk throwsters exclusively are made in these mills. 
This product is sent from Petersburg to dye works of the 
company located in Pennsylvania, and afterwards is 
woven at Williamsport, Pennsylvania. 

Miscellaneous Industries 

One of the most important of the miscellaneous indus- 
tries at Petersburg are the bakeries, which have an 
annual production valued at between $75^000 and $100,- 
000. The Federal census of manufactures in 1914 enu- 
merated 7 establishments,*^ with a combined output 
valued at $85,000, as follows 



.44 



Number of establishments 7 

Average number of wage earners 28 

Primary horsepower 18 

Wages $12,000 

Materials 45,000 

Value of products • • 85,000 

43 American Pie Company; A. and P. Bakery; L. D. Creighton; 
J. D. Mann; Moran's Bakery; McCauley's Bakery; and James P. H. 
Smith. 

44Figures furnished by the United States Bureau of the Census 
on special request. 



64 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Another industry at Petersburg, although one which 
cannot be classed as a manufacturing industry, but which 
deserves special mention, is that of sand and gravel 
excavating and shipping. Between 300,000 and 500,000 
tons of sand and gravel are excavated annually in the 
Petersburg-Hopewell area and shipped away to be used 
as building and construction material.*^ The average 
price of this material is 80 cents a ton, making the value 
of the annual production between $240,000 and $400,000. 

The mattress industry, which includes two establish- 
ments.*^ the carriage and wagon industr^^, with four 
establishments;*^ the saddlery and harness industry, 
embracing two establishments ;*^ the bottling industry f^ 
the agricultural implement industry ;^° the electric tool 
industry f^ the brick and tile industry,^^ and the confec- 
tionery and ice-cream industry/^ also may be mentioned 
as important among Petersburg's miscellaneous indus- 



45The two concerns at present engaged in this industry are Park- 
inson and Finn, and the Virginia Sand and Gravel Corporation. 

46 John E. Green; and the Petersburg Mattress Company. 

47Wm. M. Crowder; C. E. Evans Carriage Company; W. M. Lewis 
and Bro.; and T. E. Westmoreland. 

48 J. L. Brandon and Company; and Wm. J. Terry. 

49Atlantic Beverage Corporation; Bain's Bottling Works; Coca- 
Cola Bottling Works; Lemon-Kola Bottling Works; Pepsi-Cola Bot- 
tling Works; and the Portner Brewing Company. 

5oj. R. Ayers. 

siAmerican Electric Tool Company. 

52Brister and Knowles; Broadway Brick Company; and W. R. 
Turner. 

53C. C. Alley; H. P. Harrison Company; E. E. Johnson; J. A. 
Lanier; The Palms; Purity Corporation; Queen City Confectionery 
Company; and John Wood. 



SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 65 

tries.^* As most of the establishments in this group are 
comparatively small, and are of a more or less local char- 
acter, a detailed description of them wonld be out of 
place in this brief enumeration of Petersburg's economic 
and industrial assets. 



540ther manufacturing establishments included in the miscel- 
laneous group are as follows: 

Brooms — Seaboard Broom Company. 

Butter — Petersburg Dairy Company. 

Dyeing and cleaning — Crutchfield Dyeing and Cleaning Corpora- 
tion. 

Flavoring extr'acts — Southern Chemical Company. 

Fountain pens — Edison Pen Company. 

Ice — Petersburg Crystal Ice Company; and J. B. Worth Company. 

Monuments and tombstones — Bums and Campbell. 

Moving picture screens — Petersburg Sales Company. 

Optical goods — E. H. Titmus; and Smith and Mercer. 

Patent medicines — Peerless Medicine Company; Purity Pharmacal 
Company; Rigotone Manufacturing Company; and the Scott Manu- 
facturing Company. 

Steam laundries — Model Steam Laundry; Petersburg Steam 
Laundry; and Stafford's Laundry. 

Upholstering materials — E. H. Stewart. 



XI. EXPORT MANUFACTURES AND FOREIGN 

TRADE 

Petersburg's industrial prosperity is maintained 
largely by its extensive and diversified export manufac- 
turing industry. Petersburg-made goods, valued at more 
than $8,000,000 a year, exclusive of the value of the pro- 
duct of the munitions works of the E. I. duPont deNe- 
mours and Company at Hopewell, are sold throughout 
the world. Including the value of the Chilian nitrates 
imported for use in the Hopewell works, goods valued 
at more than $10,000,000 annually are imported from 
abroad for consumption in the local factories. Approxi- 
mately only about one-half the value of the goods ex- 
ported by the Petersburg factories, however, pass 
through the local United States customs house; while 
not more than 5 per cent of the value of the goods im- 
ported for use in these establishments are entered at 
Petersburg. 

The following table shows the value of the exports 
and imports of the Port of Petersburg, during speci- 
fied years, according to the records of the local customs 
house. The exports shown in this table are composed 
entirely of manufactured tobacco from the Petersburg 
factories. 



Table 11.— Value of exports and imports of the Port of Petersburg, by years 

1911-1915* 


Fiscal year ending 


Value of exports 


Value of 
imports 


Customs 


June dOth. 


Declared 


Actual 


receipts 


1911 


% 1,718,893 
3,303,844 
4,014,847 
4,746,677 
4,002,075 


$ 2,062,672 
3,964,613 
4,817,816 
5,696,012 
4,802,490 


% 366,691 
488,356 
570,342 
660 , 456 
256,861 


% 110,384 


1912 


142,329 


1913 


137,967 


1914 


177,715 


1915 


86,873 


Total 


$17,786,336 


$21,343,603 


$ 2,342,706 


$ 655.268 



♦Compiled from and based on the official records of the United States 
Customs House at Petersburg. 
66 



FOREIGN TRADE 67 

Summary of Exports 

Manufactured tobacco, including cigarettes, smoking 
and plug and twist tobacco, valued at between $5,000,000 
and $6,000,000 per annum, are the principal articles ex- 
ported from Petersburg, whidh, together with about 
25,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco, are marketed chiefly 
in Asia, Australasia, Europe, South America and Africa. 

Cotton yarns made at Petersburg, valued at between 
$100,000 and $150,000 a year, are exported for the South 
American trade; trunks and valises valued at about 
$150,000 annually are marketed in Central and South 
America ; peanuts valued at $100,000 a year are shipped 
to Canada ; agricultural machinery valued at about $50,- 
000 a year is sold in the West Indies, Mexico, South 
America and Europe; and straw hats valued at about 
$2,000 a year are exported to Canada; while approxi- 
mately $50,000 worth of Petersburg-made box shooks 
annually find their way indirectly into the export trade. 

8um7nary of Imports 

Exclusive of the value of the Chilian nitrates im- 
ported for the munitions industry at Hopewell, raw silk 
is the principal article imported, of which an amount 
valued at more than $1,300,000 a year is imported for 
the Petersburg silk industry. The local leather indus- 
try annually imports about $150,000 worth of East In- 
dian sheep skins; while about $10,000 worth of Asiatic 
and Milan straw annually is imported from China, Japan 
and Italy for the local hat industry. Between 3,000,000 
and 5,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco, valued at more 
than $1,000,000, is imported from Cuba, Porto Rico and 
Turkey for the cigar and cigarette industry ; while seeds 
from France and the Netherlands, licorice from Spain, 
tin and advertising novelties from England, and other 
miscellaneous articles, together valued at between $500,- 
000 and $1,000,000, are imported each year for use in 
the Petersburg industries. 



XII. LABOR, WAOES AND HOURS 

A careful canvass of the industrial establishments 
in the Petersburg district during the summer of 1916 
showed that approximately 6,500 persons are employed 
under normal conditions. The Federal census of manu- 
factures in 1914 reported 4,320 engaged in manufactures 
within the city proper. Establishments located within 
the local Petersburg district, but outside of the city 
limits, were not included in this enmueration. The cen- 
sus also was taken at a time when the local factories 
were badly demoralized by the beginning of the Euro- 
pean war, which threatened for a time to close the export 
factories entirely. It is thus thought that 6,500 is more 
nearly the correct number of persons industrially em- 
ployed at Petersburg than the census figure. Of this 
number, about 4^000 are white and the remainder — about 
2,500 — are negroes. 

The 4,000 white employes include about 2,500 men 
and boys and approximately 1,500 women and girls. 
White men and boys are employed chiefly in the trunk 
and valise factories, cigarette factories, cotton mills, 
machine shops, printing shops, and in the smaller mis- 
cellaneous industries. The women and girls are em- 
ployed principally in the cigarette and cigar factories, 
silk mills, cotton mills, and in the clothing and hat fac- 
tories. 

Negro men and boys are employed in the largest 
numbers in the tobacco factories, woodworking plants, 
peanut factories, and in the fertilizer and leather works. 
The negro women and girls are found chiefly in the 
tobacco and peanut factories, and in the leather works 
and the fireworks plant. 

68 



LABOR. WAGES AND HOURS 69 

Hours 

With but few exceptions, ten hours a day and sixty- 
hours a week are worked in the Petersburg industrial 
establishments. In the cigarette factories, which offer 
an exception to the general rule, fifty-six hours a week 
are worked — only six hours being worked on Saturdays. 

Wages 

Industrial w^ages paid white men in Petersburg, ex- 
clusive of the printing and machine shops and the muni- 
tions works at Hopewell, average between $10 and $15 a 
week. In the machine shops and foundries, machinists 
receive $3.25 to $3.50 a day and molders $2.25 to $2.75 
a da}^ ; while in the printing industry, pressmen are paid 
$15 to $18 a week, binders about $25.50 a week, and com- 
positors $15 to $25 a week. The average weekly wage 
for white men and boys in the trunk factories is about 
$10, in the tobacco industry between $8 and $15, in the 
cotton mills about $10, and in the woodworking estab- 
lishments from $12 to $15. 

White women and girls employed in the local facto- 
ries and mills earn an average weekly wage of between 
$6 and $10. The average wage in the cigar and cigarette 
factories, and in the silk mills, is from $8- to $10 a week, 
in the cotton mills about $7.50 a week, and in the cloth- 
ing industry from $7 to $10 a week. In the silk mills 
winders are paid $2 to $2.35 a day, spinners $1.12, 
doublers $1.50 to $2.25, twisters $1.50, reelers $1.25 to 
$1.75, and lacers $1 to $1.35 a day. 

Negro men employed in the local factories earn from 
$7.50 to $10 a week. In the machine shops as helpers, 
in the tobacco factories, and in the fertilizer and leather 
works the weekly wages paid negro men average about 
$10. In the woodworking establishments they earn 
about $8 a week, and in the peanut and fertilizer Indus- 



70 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

tries they receive $7.50 a week. The negro women earn 
from $2.50 to $6 a week. Negro women employed in the 
peanut factories are paid a nniform wage of $3 a week, 
in the leather works they make $3.60 a week, and in the 
tobacco factories earn on an average of from $3 to as 
mnch as $6 a week in some instances. 

The wage scale for the local Petersburg building 
trades, in force on July 1, 1916, provides for an eight- 
hour day, and includes bricklayers at 65 cents an hour, 
carpenters at $3 to $4 a day, painters at $3.50, plasterers 
at $3.50 to $4, hod carriers at $2.50 to $3.50, plumbers at 
$2.50 to $3.50, and stone masons and cutters at $4.50 to $5 
a day. These rates of pay and hours conform very closely 
to the standard union scale of wages and hours de- 
manded in the building trades in other industrial com- 
munities throughout the United States. 

Available Labor Supply 

While in some of the local industries there is a de- 
mand for more labor, the experience in other industries 
has clearly shown that where adequate wages are offered 
in conjunction with proper sanitary working and living 
conditions there is no difficulty in securing plenty of 
labor in the Petersburg-Hopewell area. The fact that 
the E. I. duPont deNemours and Company assembled 
approximately 30,000 men at their Hopewell works 
within a few months shows the ease with which an ade- 
quate labor force can be organized in the community. 
In fact, the available labor supply in the Virginia and 
Carolina urban and rural communities which can be 
drawn on to supply the industrial demands at Peters- 
burg is more than sufficient to care for all possible future 
demands. 

Industrial labor is unorganized in the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area, and, with the exception of one or two 



LABOR, WAGES AND HOURS 71 

minor disturbances, the local establishments have never 
experienced a strike or serious labor trouble. One rea- 
son for this is that a large number of the wage earners 
are native residents of Petersburg and vicinity, who, in 
many instances, own their homes and are permanent, 
interested and active citizens of the community. 



XIII. INDUSTEIAL POWER AND WATER 
SUPPLY 

Petersburg is built along the Appomattox river at 
the point where the tide and current meet. Just below 
this point the flow of the river is diverted into a drain- 
age canal and carried about six miles below the city be- 
fore allowed to re-enter the original channel.^^ This 
diversion scheme is effected by a dam across the original 
channel a few hundred feet below the highest up-river 
point reached by the tide, which is at the foot of the first 
falls. This dam creates a tidewater harbor of the origi- 
nal channel, which is protected from the river freshets. 

Electric Poiver 

Within five miles of the head of tidewater, the falls 
of the Appomattox have a maximiun hydro-electric de- 
velopment of 20,000 constant horsepower. About one- 
half of this water power is now used. These power 
rights are controlled by the Virginia Railway and Power 
Company, which can develop about 15,000 horsepower 
under its holdings; and by four local manufacturing 
concerns, which together can develop the other 5,000 
horsepower under their rights. The power company 
now develops and uses about 6,000 horsepower. 

In addition to the power which can be furnished from 
the Appomattox, about 1,000 horsepower can be devel- 
oped on Swift creek during about nine months of the 
year, while the Virginia Railway and Power Company 
has an interchangeable power transmission line, of 8,000 
horsepower capacity, between Petersburg and Richmond, 
and is building (December, 1916) a second 8,000 horse- 
power line between the two cities. By means of these 

56See map 2, between pp. 14 and 15; and map 8, between pp. 3 6 
and 37. 



POWER AND WATER 73 

exchange lines, Petersburg is able to secure an addi- 
tional 16,000 electric horsepower from Richmond if re- 
quired. At Richmond, the Virginia Railway and Power 
€ampany can develop about 12,000 electric horsepower 
on its water rights on the James river and has a 60,000 
horsepower steam plant in operation. This exchange 
of electric power between the two cities is especially sig- 
nificant in view of the fact that the power and lighting 
rates charged by the company are the same at Peters- 
burg and Richmond. As soon as the demand justifies the 
construction of transmission lines, the company also will 
sell power in Hopewell, City Point and intermediate 
points at the Petersburg-Richmond rates. 

Electric Power Rates 

In large amounts the Virginia Railway and Power 
Company will furnish hydro-electric power in the Peters- 
burg-Hopewell area at 1 cent per kw. h. and less. A 
rate as low as one-third of a cent per kw. h. can be 
obtained if the amount of power required and the im- 
portance of the enterprise justify the concession. 

The Virginia Railway and Power Company sells 
electric power to the city of Petersburg for pumping pur- 
poses, for example, at a flat rate of 1 cent per kw. h., 
free of any demand charge. In another case, it furnishes 
power to the Petersburg and Appomattox Railway Com- 
pany (the interurban electric line between Petersburg 
and Hopewell) for the operation of its cars and for other 
purposes at the rate of .9 of one cent per kw. h., under 
a 350 kw. h. demand. The demand of the Petersburg 
and Appomattox company, however, has never been as 
low as 350. 

A study of thirty selected cities made by the United 
States Bureau of the Census revealed that the average 
rate charged for electricity, per kw. h., for residential 



74 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



lighting purposes ranged from 9.4 cents to 9.1 cents; 
for commercial lighting from 8.1 cents to 6.4 cents, and 
for industrial power purposes from 6.7 cents to 3.2 
cents.^^ The average published rate for domestic light- 
ing at Petersburg is from 10 cents to 1.7 cents per kw. h., 
and for industrial power from 5.6 cents to .7 cents per 
kw. h. 

The following table shows the approximate rates 
charged for electricity at Petersburg compared with the 
published rates charged at Baltimore, Maryland; 
Charleston, South Carolina; Hartford, Connecticut; 
Evans^T.lle, Indiana; Omaha, Nebraska; and Marquette, 
Michigan. 

Table 12. — Approximate rates charged for electricity at Petersburg, compared 
■with the rates in six specified representative cities in other parts of the United 
Srafes* 



Name of city 


Domestic lighting 
( Rate per kilowatt 
hour per month) 


Industrial power 
{Rate per kilowatt 
hour per ynonth) 


PETERSBURG ; . . . 


Cents Cents 
10 to 1.7 
10 to 1.5 
10 to 4 
9 
7.5 to 3.25 
12 to 6 
5 to 2 


Cents Cents 
5.6 to .7t 


Baltimore, Md 


5 to 1.5 


Charleston, S. C 


6 to It 


Hartford, Conn 


4.5 to 1.33 


Evansville, Ind 


5 to 2.5 


Omaha, Neb 


9 tol§ 


Marquette, Mich 


3 to 1 







*Rates for Baltimore and Charleston compiled from "Brown's Directory 
of American Gas Companies, 1915," pp. 110 and 263; those for Hartford, 
Evansville, Omaha and Marquette compiled from "Central Electric Light and 
Power Stations, 1912," United States Bureau of the Census. 

fThis rate is for consumption of over 600,000 kilowatt hours per month, 
plus a demand charge of $600 per annum for 37.5 kilowatts, and $16 a year 
for each additional kilowatt of demand. 

JPlus a primary charge. 

§Demand charge is $1.25 per month per kilowatt of capacity connected, 
for installations of over 150 horsepower. 

It is interesting to know in this connection that after 
a general comparative study of 358 privately owned elec- 



56Compiled from "Central Electric Light and 
1912," United States Bureau of the Census, p. 170. 



Power Stations, 



POWER AND WATER 75 

trie power plants and of 15 owned and operated by 
municipalities, the Bureau of Applied Economics found 
that more than 50 per cent of the private plants charged 
more than 10 cents per kilowatt hour for lighting ser- 
vice, while 93 per cent of the municipal plants charged 
less. Twenty-seven per cent of the municipal plants 
charged less than 6 cents, while less than 3 per cent of 
the 358 private plants published rates as low as this. 

Manufactured Gas 

Manufactured gas for lighting, industrial and 
power purposes is furnished at Petersburg by the Pe- 
tersburg Gas Company, a private concern, which, with 
its present plant and equipment, has a generating ca- 
pacity of 800,000 cubic feet per 24 hours. During the 
year 1915 the company sold 76,725,000 cubic feet of gas, 
of which about 10 per cent was used for industrial and 
power purposes. 

Price of Gas 

The local rate charged for gas for lighting purposes 
is $1.15 per 1,000 cubic feet, and for industrial and power 
purposes $1 per 1,000 cubic feet. In the following table 
the price of manufactured gas for lighting, fuel and 
power at Petersburg is compared with the prices at Rich- 
mond and the five principal South Atlantic ports. 



76 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Table 13. — Price of manufactured gas at Petersburg, compared with Richmond 
and the five principal South Atlantic ports* 



Name of city 



Net price per 1,000 
cubic feet 



Lighting 



Fuel and 
power 



Oivnership 
oj plant 



PETERSBURG. . 

Richniond, Va 

Baltimore, Md. . . 

Norfolk, Va 

Wilmington, N. C 
Charleston, S. C. . 
Savannah, Ga. . . . 



SI. 15 
.90 
.80 
1.00 
1.25 
1.10 
l.lOt 



SI. 00 

.90 

.80 

1.00 

1.25 

1.10 

.80t 



Private. 

Municipal. 

Private. 

Private. 

Private. 

Private. 

Private. 



*Compiled from "Brown's Directory of American Gas .Companies, 1915"; a 
special report of the Petersburg Gas Companv; and from "Retail Prices," 
Bulletin No. 197, United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, table F, p. 370. 

fUnder 10,000 cubic feet. 

jOver 50,000 cubic feet. 

From the above table it would appear that the price 
of gas at Petersburg is unusually high, for, with the 
exception of Wilmington, the rate for lighting is higher 
at Petersburg than at any of the other cities enumerated, 
while the rate for fuel and power is higher than at Rich- 
mond, Baltimore and Savannah. Wlien a broader com- 
parison is made, however, the Petersburg rates are found 
to be comparatively low. 

For example, the Bureau of Applied Economics made 
a careful study of the rates for manufactured gas among 
870 privately owned and 23 municipal plants, located in 
all parts of the United States, which revealed that 599, 
or 69 per cent, of the private plants and 10 of the munici- 
pal plants charged more for gas than Petersburg con- 
sumers have to pay. This study further revealed that 
248 of the 870 private plants studied — 29 per cent — and 
3 of the municipal plants maintained minimum net rates 
in excess of $1.50, and that 18 of the private plants 
charged $2 or more. 



POWER AND WATER 77 

It can thus be argued with assurance as well as pro- 
priety that the Petersburg rates of $1.15 and $1, respec- 
tively, are not excessive when compared with the gas 
rates in general throughout the United States. 

Municipal Water Supply 

Petersburg ^s municipal water supply is derived from 
the Appomattox river. The water is taken from the 
power canal of the Virginia Railway and Power Com- 
pany, just above the power-house, about two miles above 
the head of the harbor, at an elevation of 110 feet about 
tidewater. The average daily consumption in July, 
1916, was about 2,000,000 gallons per 24 hours. By con- 
tract, the city is entitled to take as much as 10,000,000 
gallons of water a day free from the company's canal. 
Under pressure, the present main through which the 
water is brought into the city has a daily capacity of 
about 5,000,000 gallons. 

In addition to the river supply of water, Petersburg^ 
has an auxiliary water supply located on the southern 
edge of the city." This reservoir, which was formed by 
damming a narrow ravine through which flows a small, 
spring-fed stream, has a storage capacity of 90,000,000 
gallons, and an average daily overflow, under normal 
conditions, of about 1,000,000 gallons. The city owns 
the entire watershed around this impounding reservoir, 
which includes about 1,500 acres. 

The water from both the river and the reservoir is 
passed through a purification process before it is allowed 
to enter the city mains. This process includes sedimen- 
tation, coagulation, sand filtration and chemical steriliza- 
tion. After purification, the water is pumped into ele- 
vated standpipes and distributed by gravitation. As 
delivered to the consumers, the water is extremely soft 

-•See map 8, between pp. 36 and 37. 



78 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



and of excellent quality for boiler and general industrial 
use. 

Water Rates 

The price of water for domestic purposes at Peters- 
burg is $1.50 per 1,000 cubic feet.'^ The minimum charge 
for water is 40 cents a month plus a meter rent of 10 
cents. The published rates for city water are as follows : 

For 3,000 ft. and under $1.50 per 1,000 ft. 

For all in excess of 3,000 ft. up to 13,000 f t . . . .75 per 1,000 ft. 
For all in excess of 13,000 ft 50 per 1,000 ft. 

The meter rents, which are charged in addition to 
the water rates, are as follows : 

%-inch meter 10c. per month 

% " " 15c. " 

1 " " 18c. " 

1%" " 35c. " 

2 " " 65c. " 

The following table shows the retail price of water 
at Petersburg compared with Richmond, Norfolk and 
Baltimore, and seven other specified representative 
cities in other parts of the United States. 

Table 14. — Retail price of water at Petersburg, compared with ten specified 
representative cities in other parts of the Uniied States* 



Name of city 



Meter rates per 
1,000 gallons 



Minimum charge 
per annum 



PETERSBURG. . . 

Richmond, Va 

Norfolk, Va 

Baltimore, Md .... 
Youngstown, O . . . . 

Lynn, Mass 

Fort Worth, Texas. 

Augusta, Ga 

Lancaster, Pa 

Saginaw, Mich. . . . 
Rockford, lU 



$0.20 
.15 
.15 
.09 
.16 
.20 
.30 
.10 
.05 
.11 
.16 



; 6.00 
t 
6.00 
6.00 

t 
t 
t 
10.00 

t 

10.00 
3.20 



♦Compiled from "General Statistics of Cities, 1915," United States Bureau 
of the Census, pp. 159-185. 
fNot reported. 

580ne cubic foot of water contains 7.41 United States standard gal- 



lons. 



POWER AND WATER 79 

A study of the water rates in 75 selected American 
cities, as reported by the United States Bureau of the 
Census,^^ shows that in 30 per cent of them the retail 
price of water for domestic purposes exceeds $1.50 per 
1,000 cubic feet ; while in 76 per cent of them the whole- 
sale price, per 1,000 cubic feet, is in excess of 50 cents. 

The retail price of water for domestic purposes in 
these 75 cities, by number of cities and per cent of total, 
in which specified rates are charged, is as follows : 



:ate per 1,000 cubic feet 


Number of cities 


Per cent, of total 




75 
2 


100.00 


"■'$2.'56to'$3'.66"' 


2.67 


2.00 to 2.50 


6 


8.00 


1.50 to 2.00 


14 


18.66 


1.00 to 1.50 


31 


41.34 


.75 to 1.00 


8 


10.66 


.50 to .75 


8 


10.66 


.25 to .50 


5 


6.67 


Below .25 


1 


1.34 



The wholesale price of water for industrial and com- 
mercial purposes in these same cities, by number of cities 
and per cent of total, in which specified rates are charged, 
is as follows : 

Rate per 1,000 cubic feet 



$1.50 to $2.00 

1.00 to 1.50 

.75 to 1.00 

.50 to .75 

.25 to .50 

Below .25 



Numbei of cities 


Per cent, of total 


75 


100.00 


4 


5.33 


13 


17.33 


19 


25.33 


21 


28.00 


17 


22.67 


1 


1.34 



A study of these rates reveals the relative price of 
water at Petersburg. The lack of uniformity in water- 
charge schedules published in different cities makes it 
very difficult to compare the rates in one city with those 
in force in sufficient number of other cities to determine 
the relative price. From the data available, however, it 
appears that the rates charged for water at Petersburg, 
taking into account the quality of the water, are com- 
paratively low. 

59"General Statistics of Cities, 1915," United States Bureau of the 
Census, pp. 159-185. 



XIV. FUEL SUPPLY 

One of the first requisites for the industrial develop- 
ment of any locality is abundant, high-grade and cheap 
fuel. Li respect to both coal and coke Petersburg is 
most fortunately situated. It has extensive coal deposits 
at its very doors, and adequate railway connections and 
favorable freight rates from the finest coal fields in the 
world. Moreover, the city is on the direct line of the 
regular heavy movement of Pocahontas and New Eiver 
coals to tidewater at Hampton Eoads, which insures a 
constant and abundant supply of a high-grade, cheap 
fuel at all times. 

Local Chesterfield Coal Deposits 

In what is known as the Richmond coal basin, lying 
within twenty miles of Petersburg in Chesterfield county, 
are important coal deposits. ®° In comparison with the 
vast coal measures of the Appalachians, this basin is 
small, but in years past it was an important factor in 
the economic development of eastern Virginia. It is a 
valuable industrial asset at the present time. 

The first coal mined in the United States was taken 
from this basin in 1750, and until within recent years 
these deposits formed the chief fuel supply of eastern 
Virginia. When the Pocahontas fields were opened, in 
the early eighties, the output of the local mines declined 
under the competition, and in the past few years they 
have hardly been worked at all. 

The coal in this basin is not equal to Pocahontas or 
New River coals for steam purposes, but it is equal 
to some of the coal used in the Central States, and is 
far superior to much of the coal used in the Western 
States. The fact that it was used formerly, and that 

eoSee map 12, between pp. 82 and 83. 
80 



FUEL SUPPLY 81 

it is easily available, insures Petersburg against exces- 
sive prices for West Virginia coal. These deposit pro- 
vide a local supply of cheap fuel for household and other 
use in which superlative quality is less desirable than 
loAv price. Just as householders and many manufactur- 
ers of the Middle West use the lower quality and cheaper 
local coals in preference to the higher quality but higher 
priced Pennsylvania and West Virginia coals, so also 
the local Chesterfield coal can be used to lower the cost 
of living and of production in the Petersburg-Hopewell 
area. 

The chief difficulty with this local coal deposit is that 
the geologic structure is such as to make doubtful the 
profitable operation of large mines. The Chesterfield 
basin is reported to contain, however, over 1,000,000,000 
tons of coal. From small operations a sufficient tonnage 
is available to supply a variety of local demands for 
cheap coal of medium grade.^^ 

Supply of Pocahontas and New River Coal 

The superior quality of Pocahontas and New River 
coals is too well known to require extended explanation. 
They are universally recognized as the premier steam 
coals of America, and rank among the highest in the; 
world, being able to compete with the renowned Cardiff 
coal of Wales. The United States navy, the most exact- 
ing coal purchaser in this country, principally bu^^s these 
coals for its battleships. 

In 1915 the Norfolk and Western Railway moved 7,530,- 
607 gross tons of Pocahontas coal through Petersburg 

6iA typical analysis of the Chesterfield coal is shown in table 
17, p. 85. 



82 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

to Hampton Roads.®^ The Norfolk and Western, the 
Chesapeake and Ohio and the Virginian railroads to- 
gether delivered a total of 14,812,480 gross tons of Poca- 
hontas and New River coal at Hampton Roads in 1915.^^ 
The relative importance of the bituminous coal move- 
ment through the Petersburg-Hopewell area is more 
apparent when the Hampton Roads receipts are com- 
pared with those at the other important Atlantic ports. 
The total bituminous coal receipts at important Atlan- 
tic ports in 1915 was as follows :^* 

Port Net tons 

Hampton Roads 16,278,484 

Norfolk and Western Railway 8,208,883 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 4,578,782 

Virginian Railway 3,490,819 

New York 11,116,000 

Baltimore 6,749,336 

. In 1914, according to the reports of the United States 
Geological Survey, the production of Pocahontas and 
New River coal, by principal counties in which the mines 
are located, was as follows :®^ 

Net tons loaded at 
West Virginia — mines for shipment 

McDowell county (Pocahontas center) 13,193,032 

Mercer county 2,627,554 

Fayette county (New River center) 8,267,536 

' Raleigh county 5,297,210 

Virginia — 

TazeweU county (Pocahontas) 1,169,997 

Total 30,555,329 



«2See map 12, between pp. 82 and 83. 

63Compiled from "The Coal Trade" for 1916, by Frederick E. 
Saward, p. 42. 

64Compiled from "Th« Coal Trade Bulletin" (Pittsburgh), De- 
cember 1, 1916, Vol. XXXVI, No. 1, p. 43. 

The total quantity of bituminous coal received at Philadelphia in 
1915 was not reported. 

65Compiled from "The Production of Coal in 1914," by C. E. 
Lesher (United States Geological Survey, 1915), pp. 733 and 739. 



iC. 



Local Domestic Supply 

COAL AND LIMESTONE 

Manganese and Nickel Ores 

Available at 
Petersburg, Virginia 

1916 





m 









^4*>i^:W 



FUEL SUPPLY 83 

In 1913 there were 1,303,603 tones of coke produced 
in Virginia, and 2,472,752 tons in West Virginia. During 
this year the Norfolk and Western E-ailway alone han- 
dled 1,280,638 net tons of Pocahontas coke, which is 
sufficient evidence that Petersburg has an adequate coke 
as well as an adequate, dependable coal supply sufficient 
for all industrial purposes. The success with which the 
duPont works at Hopewell have been able to secure be- 
tween 2,000 and 5,000 tons of coal a day during the past 
two years corroborates this assertion. 

Price of Coal 

In consequence of the cheap natural conditions of 
mining in the Pocahontas and New Eiver districts, the 
large scale of production, and the modern methods of 
mining, together with the low freight rates to P.eters- 
burg, the price of these superb coals in the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area is remarkably low. For industrial pur- 
poses, number 3 bed Pocahontas or Sewell bed New 
River coal is delivered f. o. b. sidings at Petersburg, 
Hopewell or City Point at $2.75 per net ton. The price 
of these coals at the mines is $1.25 per net ton ; while the 
freight rate to Petersburg, Hopewell or City Point from 
the Chesapeake and Ohio and the Virginia mines, as 
well as from the Norfolk and Western mines, is the same 
as the rate to Richmond and Norfolk — $1.50 per net ton. 
The freight rate on export shipments is even lower, 
being $1.35 per gross ton. 

The following table shows the freight rates on coal 
and coke from the Pocahontas and New River mines 
to Petersburg, compared with the rates to Richmond and 
Norfolk, Virginia; Raleigh and Wilmington, North 
Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; Gary, Indiana, 
and Chicago, Illinois. 



84 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Table 15. — Carload freight rates on coal and coke from the Pocahontas and New 
River mines to Petersburg, corn-pared with designated points* 



From mines to — 



PETERSBURG. . 

RichmoEd, Va 

Norfolk, Va 

Raleigh, N. C. . . . 
Wilmingtoii, N. C. 
Charleston, S. C. . 

Gary, Ind 

Chicago, ID 



Rate 



Coal 


Coke 


{Per net ton) 


{Per net ton) 


SI. 50 


$2.00 


1.50 


2.00 


1.50 


2.00 


2.20 


2.30 


2.05 


2.45 


2.15 


2.50 


2.05 


2.50 


2.05 


2.50 



*Rates furnished by the Traffic Department, Norfolk and Western Rail- 
way Company, December 7, 1916. 

An illustration of the relatively low price of the Poca- 
hontas and New Eiver coals is furnished by the 1917 
naval contracts. The United States Navy has awarded 
contracts for 750,000 tons of Pocahontas and New River 
coal to be delivered at Hampton Roads during this 
year at prices ranging from $2.58 to $2.85 per ton, for 
instance, as against less than 125,000 tons of Pennsyl- 
vania coal which is to be delivered at Northern ports 
at prices that range between $3.02 to $3.40 a ton. 

The retail prices charged for bituminous and anthra- 
cite coal at Petersburg in 1914, 1915 and 1916 are shown 
in the following table: 

Table 16. — Retail prices of coal at Petersburg on January 15, 1914, 1915 and 

1916* 





Bituminous 
{Price per net ton) 


Anth-racite 
{Price per net ton) 


Jan. mh.— 


Lump, 

egg, and 

nut 


Run 

of 
mine 


Splint 


Stone 


Chestnut 


, « . ^ f Ton 


$6.00 
3.10 
6.00 
3.10 
6.00 
1 3.10 


$4.00t 
2.10 
4.00t 
2.10 
4.00t 
2.10 


$6. 00 J 
3.10 
6.00J 
3.10 
6. 00 J 
3.10 


$8.00 
4.10 
8.00 
4.10 
8.00 
4.10 


$8.00 


1916 i HaS-ton 


4.10 


1915 h:^.,„„ ■■::•.•.•.•.:■.; 


8.00 
4.10 


,^, . 1 Ton 


8.00 


l^lnHaS-ton 


4.10 











♦Prices furnished by Jackson Coal and Coke Company of Petersburg. 

t$3.75 per ton in 10-ton lots. 

JDuring the summer months splint sold for $5.00 a ton. 



FUEL SUPPLY 



85 



Comparative Quality of Pocahontas and New River Coal 

Typical analyses of Pocahontas and New River 
coals and of the Chesterfield coal, compared with typical 
analyses of Pennsylvania and Alabama coals are pre- 
sented in the following table: 

Table 17. — Typical analyses of Pocahontas, New River and Chesterfield coals 
available at Petersburg, compared with typical analyses of Pennsylvania 
and Alabama coals* 



Compound 



Moisture 

Volatile matter 

Fixed carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

British thermal units. 



hontas 
imber 3 
) 


River 
well 


terfield 
rbon 
I, C bed) 


Pennsylvania 
(Pittsburgh 
bed) 


1^1 


^^^ 




2.82 


2.89 


2.81 


3.34 


17.76 


25.61 


25.70 


35.16 


74.95 


69.18 


62.47 


56.91 


4.56 


2.32 


9.02 


4.59 


.4^ 


.55 


1.43 


1.42 


14,573 


14,796 


13,493 


13,975 



1.95 

30.66 

60.04 

7.35 

2.75 

13,963 



*Compiled from "Analyses of Mine and Car Samples of Coal Collected in 
the Fiscal Years 1911 to 1913," United States Bureau of Mines, 1914. 

While the quality of the Pocahontas and New River 
coals varies from mine to mine with different methods 
of preparation, the analyses of these coals in the above 
table are typical of the better grades of commercial 
shipments. Pocahontas or New River coal can be had 
of still higher quality, if desired, having less moisture 
and ash and containing 15,000 British thermal units 
to the pound. 

The significance of these figures is apparent upon a 
brief consideration of their meaning and in comparison 
with similar figures for other coals. 

Moisture, for example, is objectionable in coal be- 
cause water in any fuel interferes with its burning. A 
dry coal is the more desirable. The superiority of 
Pocahontas and New River coals in this important re- 
spect is evident from the fact that the Hocking coal of 



86 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Ohio contains from 7 per cent to 10 per cent of water ; 
while the Illinois coals, which are shipped into Chicago, 
contain from 8 per cent to 15 per cent of moisture. 

The volatile matter in coal is the gaseous, smoky por- 
tion. It is an important element in heating value, but 
is less important than the fixed carbon. In ordinary 
boiler practice more or less of the volatile hydro-carbons 
are not burned, but are sent up the smoke stack and 
lost. For practical steam purposes, therefore, better 
values are obtained when low volatile coals are bought. 
Pocahontas and New River are such coals. The Pitts- 
burgh, Birmingham and Church Valley coals contain 
almost twice as much volatile matter as Pocahontas 
and New River coals, while the Ohio, Indiana and Illinois 
coals contains still more. 

Carbon is a prime element of value in coal, and a 
high percentage of fixed carbon, such as is contained in 
the Pocahontas and New River coals, is evidence of 
special excellence for steam and power purposes. The 
relative superiority of these coals is indicated by the 
fact that the better Alabama coals have only 55 per 
cent to 65 per cent of fixed carbon, the Church Valley 
coals from 55 per cent to 60 per cent, the Fairmont and 
Pittsburgh coals from 55 per cent to 62 per cent, the 
Ohio coals from 45 per cent to 55 per cent, and the Illi- 
nois and Indiana coals onl^^ from 45 per cent to 52 per 
cent. The Pocahontas and New River coals have from 
65 per cent to 77 per cent of carbon. 

Sulphur and ash do not burn and hence detract from 
the value of a coal. Sulphur in combination with other 
elements is one of the causes of clinkering on the grate 
bars. The ashes are the residue that must be shoveled 
out after the coal is burned. Therefore, the less of 
these elements the better. Pocahontas and New River 
are exceptionally good coals in these respects. In com- 



FUELSUPPLY 87 

parison with their 2 to 5 per cent of ash and less than 
1 per cent of sulphur, the Alabama coals contain 5 per 
cent to 8 per cent of ash and 1 to 3 per cent of snlphiir ; 
the Pennsylvania coals 4 to 6 per cent of ash and 1 to 2 
per cent of sulphnr; the Hocking coals 5 to 6 per cent 
of ash and 1 to 2 per cent of sulphur; and the best of 
the Illinois coals contain 7 per cent of ash and from 
1 to 3 per cent of sulphur. 

The heating value of coal is measured in British 
thermal units, abbreviated B. T. U. A British thermal 
unit is the amount of heat needed to raise the tempera- 
ture of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit, when 
the water is at its greatest density. Pocahontas and 
New River coals contain from 300 to 500 more British 
thermal units per pound than any other coals in the 
United States. When this fact is considered in con- 
nection with the extremely low price at which these 
coals can be bought at Petersburg, the relative indus- 
trial advantage of a location in the Petersburg-Hopewell 
area, with regard to fuel, is apparent. 



XV. ADVANTAGES FOE DEVELOPMENT OF lEON 
AND STEEL INDUSTRY 

The advantages which the Petersburg-Hopewell area 
possesses for the successful development of a large iron 
and steel industry ma^^ be summarized as follows: 

1. An easily defended and strategic geographical lo- 
cation on a navigable fresh-water tributary of Chesa- 
peake bay, in line with the future tendency of the Ameri- 
can iron and steel industry to concentrate along the At- 
lantic seaboard. 

2. Unexcelled railroad and deep-water transporta- 
tion facilities, with relatively low freight rates. 

3. An unlimited supply of cheap, highest grade fuel. 

4. Cheap and abundant hydro-electric power. 

5. A protected supply of domestic iron, nickel and 
manganese ores, pig iron, and fluxing materials, with 
easy access to the foreign ores and other required ma- 
terials. 

6. Adequate local banking facilities. 

7. An inexhaustible supply of pure water. 

8. An adequate available labor supply. 

9. An unsurpassed climate with good natural health 
conditions. 

10. An abundant, nearby food supply. 

Future Development of the American Iron and Steel 

Industry 

In the future, the American iron and steel industry 
will have its greatest development along the Atlantic 
seaboard at points on tidewater where domestic high- 
grade, cheap coal and coke and the high-grade Cuban, 
West Indian, South American and Canadian iron ores 
can be brought together. The beginning of this develop- 
ment alreadv is under wav on a large scale at Baltimore 



IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 89 

and Philadelphia, where millions of tons of Cuban and 
South American ores are now imported annually. The 
larger American steel companies are endeavoring to ac- 
quire all available iron ore deposits in Cuba, Chile and 
Brazil, in order that they may be able to care for the de- 
mands of their plants in meeting after-the-war com- 
petition in the world markets. These ores will come to 
our Atlantic coal ports because it costs more to move the 
coal to the iron than it does to bring the ores to meet our 
fuels. Just as Cuban ores now are being brought to Bal- 
timore and Philadelphia, and as Spanish ores are taken 
to England, so will the ores from all of these accessible 
foreign non-coal areas eventually come into use at points 
along our Atlantic coast where cheap fuel is available. 
It is thus not as unreasonable as it may at first seem 
to expect a large iron and steel industry eventually to 
develop along the James river and around Hampton 
Eoads. With the same fuel supply available but with 
the additional advantages of an abundant supply of 
fresh water and a better climate, the Petersburg-Hope- 
well area along the upper James and the Appomattox, 
however, offers the greater inducements for a location in 
this region. A great iron and steel industry can be de- 
veloped in the Petersburg-Hopewell area just as the 
great steel works have been built along the southern 
shores of the Great Lakes where the Lake Superior ores 
come down to meet the coal and coke from Pennsylvania, 
West Virginia, Ohio and Illinois. 

Available Iron Ores 
In addition to possessing easy access to the high- 
grade, cheap Pocahontas and New River coals, Peters- 
burg also is strategically located with regard both to the 
domestic and the foreign iron ore deposits. Virginia, 
West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee ores^^ are easily 

ceSee map 13, between pp. 90 and 91. 



90 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

available via the Norfolk and Western and the other two 
coal roads that follow the James to tidewater; while 
the Cuban, West Indian, South American and Canadian 
ores can be obtained by water at a very low cost. 

Approximately 500,000 tons of iron ore are mined 
annually in Virginia, of which about 20 per cent is high- 
grade hematite. The combined average annual produc- 
tion of hematite in Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee is 
between 300,000 and 400,000 gross tons. In 1913 the aver- 
age price for Virginia hematite was $1.68 per gross ton, 
as compared with an average price of $2.21 for Minne- 
sota hematite. The average price for both Virginia and 
Minnesota hematite in 1914 was $1.74 per gross ton.^^ 

The imports of iron ore into the United States in 
1913 amounted to 2,594,770 gross tons, valued at $8,336,- 
819. These imports of ore in 1913, by countries, were 
as follows :^* 

Country Gross tons 

Cuba 1,635,622 

Newfoundland, Labrador and Canada 393,328 

Sweden 356,074 

Spain 112,580 

Venezuela 57,225 

All other countries 39,941 

Total 2,594,770 

Of this total amount of ore imported in 1913, about 
2,470,000 tons were entered at Baltimore and Philadel- 
phia. These ores are as accessible to the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area as they are to Baltimore and Philadelphia 
and can be drawn upon to supply a local iron and steel 
industry. 

Pig Iron Supply 

Virginia alone produced a total of 341,815 gross tons 
of pig iron, all grades, in 1913 ; while the combined pro- 

67Compiled from "The Production of Iron Ore, Pig Iron, and Steel 
in 1914," by Ernest F. Burchard (United States Geological Survey), 
pp. 486 and 492. 

6876i(Z, p. 503. 



IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 91 



duction in Virginia and Tennessee in this year amounted 
to 622,356 gross tons. Virginia, Maryland, West Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, together, produced 583,- 
795 gross tons of Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron 
in 1913. On December 31, 1913, 24 completed furnaces 
were reported in Virginia, of which 9 were in blast on 
June 30.®^ Map 14, which follows, shows the location of 
blast furnaces in the United States, according to the 
thirteenth census. 




^^^"--^^ 



Map 14. — Geographical location of Petersburg with reference to the location of 
blast furnaces in the United States, according to the Thirteenth Census, 
1910 



69Compiled from "Annual Statistical Report of the American Iron 
and Steel Institute for 1913" (Philadelphia), pp. 3, 9, 25 and 27. 



92 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

An enormous amount of heavy-melting scrap iron, 
sufficient to supply the needs of the largest establish- 
ments, can be assembled easily at Petersburg. By water 
from the great cities bordering on Chesapeake bay, and 
from the railroads, a large annual supply of scrap iron 
is available for use in the local Petersburg-Hopewell 
area.'° 

In view of the character of the Petersburg fuel sup- 
ply it is interesting to note in this connection that ap- 
proximately 98 per cent of the total pig iron production 
of the United States (30,966,152 gross tons in 1913) is 
now made with bituminous coke/^ 

The following table shows the carload freight rate 
on pig iron from Virginia furnaces, based on Buena 
Vista, Eoanoke and Pulaski, to Petersburg, compared 
with the rates to Eichmond and Norfolk, Virginia ; Bal- 
timore, Maryland; Wilmington, North Carolina; and 
Charleston, South Carolina. 

Table 18. — Carload freight rates on pig iron from Virginia fur^ 
naceSf "based on Buena Yista, Roanoke and Pulaski, to Petersburg, com- 
pared with designated points* 

Rate 

From furnaces to — (Per gross ton) 

PETERSBURG $150 

Richmond, Va 1.50 

Norfolk, Va 1.60 

Baltimore, Md 2.'25 

Wilmington, N. C 2.64 

Charleston, S. C 3.54 

*Rates furnished by th« TraflBc Department, Norfolk and Western 
Railway Company, December 7, 1916. 

Limestone and Fluorspar 

An inexhaustible supply of limestone^^ is available in 
Virginia, easily accessible to Petersburg at low freight 

7oSee map 1, between pp. 8 and 9. 

7iCompiled from "Annual Statistical Report of the American Iron 
and Steel Institute for 1913" (Philadelphia), p. 14. 
"2See map 12, between pp. 82 and 83. 



IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 93 

rates via the Norfolk and Western Railway; while the 
high-grade Kentucky fluorspar deposits also are within 
relatively easy reach. Limestone and fluorspar form the 
base of the flux materials required in the manufacture 
of steel. 

The fluorspar used in the American steel industry 
comes principally from Kentucky and Illinois, and from 
England. In 1913, for example, 22,682 net tons of spar 
were imported from England as against a domestic pro- 
duction of 115,580 net tons. 

The domestic production in 1915 increased to 136,941 
tons, of which Kentucky and Illinois together produced 
135,559 tons, valued at $753,913.^' 

Manganese 

With regard to the domestic supply of manganese, 
Petersburg is most advantageously situated. Virginia 
manganese mines, located along the lines of the Norfolk 
and Western Railway, supplied practically all of the 
domestic manganese mined in the United States prior 
to the European war. In 1915, during which year the 
Russian and Indian supply was cut off by the war, Vir- 
ginia and Georgia together produced the bulk of the 
domestic output. 

The American supply of manganese ores is prin- 
cipally imported, however, as is shown by the following 
table : 

Table 19. — Domestic production of manganese ores in the United 
States in 1913 and 1915, compared with the amount of manganese ores 
imported* 

Domestic production Imports 
Year (Gross tons) (Gross tons) 

1913 4,048 345,090 

1915 9,709 313,985 



♦Compiled from "Manganese and Manganiferous Ores in 1915," 
by D. F. Hewett (United States Geological Survey), pp. 32-34. 



73Compiled from "Fluorspar in 1915," by Ernest F. Burchard 
(United States Geological Survey), pp. 35 and 38. 



94 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

In 1913 the United States imported 70,200 tons of 
manganese ores from Brazil, while practically all of the 
rest of the imports came from Eussia and British India. 
Because of the European war no imports of manganese 
were received from Russia in 1915, only 36,450 tons came 
from British India, while the imports from Brazil, how- 
ever, jumped to 268,786 gross tons. As the principal 
foreign deposits of manganese are in Brazil, Cuba, 
India, Newfoundland, Panama and Russia they are as 
accessible to Petersburg as to any other American port. 
Prior to the European war the American steel indus- 
try depended very largely on the steel industries of Eng- 
land, France and Germany for ferromanganese, which 
was made principally from imported Indian and Bra- 
zilian manganese ores. In 1915, however, the United 
States produced 144,260 gross tons of ferromanganese 
and only imported 55,263 tons — which came from Eng- 
land. American steel plants also produced practically 
all of the spiegeleisen used in our domestic industries 
in 1915 — the domestic production in this year being 114,- 
556 gross tons, as against total imports of only 200 
tons.'^* 

Nickel and Other Materials 

In Floyd county, Virginia, are important nickel de- 
posits. While these deposits have not as yet been com- 
mercially operated, they nevertheless constitute a local 
domestic nickel supply that can be utilized at Peters- 
burg. It also is significant with regard to the develop- 
ment of an iron and steel industry at Petersburg that the 
Cuban iron ores, when refined, contain approximately 
one per cent of metallic nickel.^^ 

"recompiled from "Manangese and Manganiferous Ores in 1915," by 
D. F. Hewett (United States Geological Survey), pp. 36-38. 

75Analyses of eastern Cuban iron ores, taken from the Mayari and 
Moa mines, show that surface ores contain .38 of one per cent nickel 
and cobalt, while the ores from a depth of about 25 feet contain as 
much as 1.8 per cent of these metals. These ores also contain .93 of 
one per cent of chromium at the surface and as much as 2.51 per cent 
at a depth of from 19 to 20 feet. 



IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 95 

The present nickel supply of the United States de- 
pends almost entirely on the Canadian deposits, which 
are located near Sudbury, Ontario. Other sources are 
the by-product nickel produced by the copper smelters 
in New Jersey — possibly 800 tons of metallic nickel are 
produced annually in this way; the by-product nickel 
from the lead smelters in Missouri ; the Pennsylvania de- 
posits — the Cornwall mines in Lebanon county produce 
about 100 tons of metallic nickel a year; and the de- 
posits in Virginia, Idaho, Washington and Nevada. 

The Canadian deposits are controlled by the Inter- 
national Nickel Company, and produce enough ore an- 
nually to make about 20,000 tons of metallic nickel. This 
ore is reduced to a matte at the mines, containing about 
70 per cent nickel, in which form it is imported into the 
United States free of duty. These imports are refined 
at Bayonne, New Jersey. The International Nickel Com- 
pany sells the refined product at from 35 to 50 cents a 
pound/® 

Electro-ferrosilicon also is available at Petersburg 
from the plants of the Electro-Metallurgical Company 
at Holcombs Rock, Virginia, and at Glen Ferris, West 
Virginia. The world's supply of ferrochrome, which is 
made chiefly from chromite ores secured in New Calen- 
donia. South Africa and Canada, is controlled by the 
Electro-Metallurgical Company at Niagara Falls. 

Copper and zinc also can be obtained at Petersburg 
in large quantities from the nearby smelters in New 
Jersey ; while the Mexican, South American and Spanish 
copper ores can be imported at low cost. 

In fact, all the raw materials required for the de- 
velopment of a large iron and steel industry can be ob- 
tained as easily at Petersburg as at any city on the 
Atlantic seaboard. 



76The Sudbury mines are operated by the International Nickel 
Company under the name of the Canadian Copper Company; while 
the refineries at Bayonne are operated under the name of the Orford 
Copper Company. 



XVI. FREIGHT RATES AND DISTRIBUTING 

BUSINESS 

Advantageous freight rates have made it possible to 
build up an extensive distributing business at Peters- 
burg with the central and eastern cities in North and 
South Carolina. By virtue of its deep-water transpor- 
tation facilities, Petersburg has favorable freight rates 
from the North; and as a participant in the ^'Virginia 
cities ' ^ rates^ can secure goods from the Middle West as 
cheaply as they can be received at any point on the At- 
lantic seaboard. Goods assembled at Petersburg from 
the North and Middle West under these favorable tariffs 
can be forwarded to North and South Carolina as 
cheaply as from Richmond ; and to such points in North 
Carolina as Rock\' Mount, Washington and Newbern, 
goods can be shipped more cheaply than from Lynch- 
burg and Roanoke. The class rates from Petersburg to 
Rocky Mount, Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville, Washing- 
ton, Goldsboro and Wilmington, North Carolina ; and to. 
Florence, Sumter, Georgetown and Charleston, South 
Carolina, for instance^ are the same as from Richmond 
and Norfolk." 

In 1915, for example, the combined freight received 
over the Norfolk and Western, Atlantic Coast Line and 
Seaboard Air Line railroads at Petersburg, exclusive of 
Hopewell and City Point, amounted to 835,313 net tons ; 
while the total amount forwarded was 309,980 net tons. 

Prior to June, 1914, the class rates to North Carolina 
points from the so-called middle western gateways at 
Cincinnati and Louisville were made up of the class 
rates to Virginia cities plus the local rate from these 
cities to North Carolina. Under a ruling of the Inter- 

TTRates with which these comparisons were made were furnished 
by the General Development Agent, Seaboard Air Line Railway Com^ 
pany, December 14, 1916. 

96 



FREIGHT RATES 97 

state Commerce Commission of June 29, 1916, the 
through rates from the Middle West to North Carolina 
points were made from 4 to 11 cents lower than the com- 
bined rates to the Virginia cities plus the local rates 
charged for goods reshipped to North Carolina. Peters- 
burg jobbers, however, still can secure flour, grain, mill- 
feed and similar products from the Middle West, under 
what are termed *' transit tariffs,'^ and reship them to 
retail merchants in North Carolina as cheaply as the 
goods can be secured direct. 

On goods shipped north, Petersburg has a decided 
advantage over the North Carolina cities; and to such 
points as Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York the 
Petersburg rates are considerably lower than from 
Lynchburg, for instance, and the same as from Rich- 
mond, except that Richmond has slightly lower rates 
to Baltimore. Class rates from Petersburg to Baltimore, 
Philadelphia and New York, compared with those from 
Richmond and Lynchburg, Virginia; and from Raleigh, 
Wilmington and Charlotte, North Carolina, are shown 
in the table which follows. 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



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FREIGHT RATES 99 

Factors Regulating Rates 

The reason why Petersburg has the advantage of such 
relatively low freight rates is found in the fact that New 
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk are served 
from Chicago, Columbus, Cincinnati and points in the 
central west by different lines of railway. During the 
early years of our national commercial expansion, these 
different lines competed for traffic to all these Atlantic 
seaboard points. Freight would be carried, for instance, 
from Chicago to New York and from there to Norfolk 
or Baltimore by water, and, conversely, it might go by 
rail from Chicago to Norfolk and from there to New York 
by ship. 

The final result of this intense competition for busi- 
ness from the Middle West to the Atlantic seaports was 
an arrangement by which a certain relation of rates was 
established between the different ports. Taking New 
York as the base, the rates to Philadelphia were made 
2 cents and those to Baltimore and Norfolk 3 cents lower. 
While this adjustment, made many years ago, has been 
somewhat modified as to export grain and grain pro- 
ducts, it still regulates domestic rates. 

Petersburg acquired the low Norfolk rate by virtue 
of the market competition existing between the Virginia 
cities and Baltimore, for Petersburg, Richmond, Lynch- 
burg, Norfolk and other Virginia cities actively compete 
for wholesale business in surrounding territory with the 
Maryland city. If this business is done through Balti- 
more the freight may reach that point by the Baltimore 
and Ohio but not by the Chesapeake and Ohio; while, 
upon the other hand, if the business is handled from one 
of the Virginia cities, the goods may be brought there 
over the Chesapeake and Ohio but not by the Baltimore 
and Ohio. Since the ability af these different centers 
to job into intermediate territory depends upon the 



100 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

relative freight rates at which supplies can be obtained, 
the Chesapeake and Ohio has insisted that rates from the 
West to the Virginia cities shall not be higher than to 
Baltimore. The most westerly of the Virginia cities 
served by the Chesapeake and Ohio is L^mchburg, which 
for many years has been accorded by the Chesapeake 
and Ohio the Baltimore rate, which is the same as that to 
Norfolk, and which is generally known as the *^ Virginia 
cities'' rate. 

The Norfolk and Western, in competition with the 
Chesapeake and Ohio at Lynchburg, also had to apply 
the Norfolk rate at this point, and as it could not charge 
higher rates to Petersburg than were charged to Norfolk, 
under the Federal act to regulate commerce — Petersburg 
being on its main line between Lynchburg and Norfolk — 
Petersburg obtained the Virginia cities rates.^^ 

Wholesale Business 

With about 50 wholesale and distributing houses, 
Petersburg's annual wholesale business approximately 
amounts to $10,000,000. The principal lines include 
groceries, dry goods and notions, shoes, hay, grain and 
feed stuffs, hardware, lumber and building materials, 
coal, agricultural implements, machinery and mill sup- 
plies, confectioneries, drugs, paints and oils and fire- 
works. 

Petersburg's local trade territory in the Southside 
Virginia counties is shown on map 16, page 110, while the 
location of the principal communities in Virginia, North 
Carolina and South Carolina to which Petersburg dis- 
tributes goods, together with the States from which 



• sThis statement of tlie Virginia cities rates is based on the report 
of the Interstate Commerce Commission in the case of the Bluefield 
Shippers' Association v. Norfolk and Western Railway Company Et 
Al (No. 3753), decided February 13, 1912, pp. 521-524. 



FREIGHT RATES 



101 



Petersburg principally secures its supplies, are shown on 
map 15, which follows. 




Map 15. — General trade territory of Petersburg, showing location of the principal 
communities in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina to which 
goods are distributed and the States from which goods principally are se- 
cured, 1916 



XVn. BANKING FACILITIES 

With two National and two State banks reporting 
on March 7, 1916/^ the combined local bank resources at 
Petersburg on this date amounted to nearly $13,000,000. 
Including the Hopewell and City Point banks the aggre- 
gate local bank resources on this date amounted to about 
$13,600,000. A total of approximately $100,000,000 of 
bank resources are available in the combined Petersburg- 
Hopewell and Richmond district. 

Recent Growth of Banks 

Between March 4, 1914, and March 7, 1916, the com- 
bined resources of the four Petersburg banks increased 
nearly 45 per cent. The deposits increased during this 
period nearly 66 per cent. For the year ending March 
7, 1916, the banks of Virginia reported an increase in 
undivided profits equal to 5.5 per cent of their combined 
capital. The Petersburg banks showed an increase equal 
to nearly 16 per cent of their combined capital. 

The postal savings deposits at the Petersburg post- 
office increased from $8,710 on March 31, 1915, to $173,186 
on March 31, 1916 — ^an increase of more than 1,888 per 
cent in one year. The net deposits increased during 
this period more than 1,683 per cent. 

The following table shows the combined financial con- 
dition of the Petersburg banks on March 7, 1916, March 
4, 1915, and March 4, 1914, and the general increase of 
combined resources in 1916 as compared with 1914. 



79The National Bank of Petersburg; Virginia National Bank; 
American Bank and Trust Company, Inc.; and the Petersburg Savings 
and Insurance Company. Another State institution, The Banking 
Trust and Mortgage Company, with a capital of $500,000, also has 
been organized recently at Petersburg. 
102 



BANKING FACILITIES 



103 



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104 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



The increase of postal savings deposits and the gen- 
eral growth of business at the Petersburg postoffice for 
the year ending March 31, 1916, as compared with the 
year ending March 31, 1915, is shown in the table which 
follows. 



Table 22. — Increase of business at the Petersburg postoffice for the year ending 
March 31, 1916, as compared with the year ending March 31, 1915* 



Item 



Year 

ending 

March 31, 

1916 



Year 

ending 

March 31, 

1915 



Per cent 

of 
increase, 
1915-1916 



Total amount of stamp and stamped 

paper sales , 

Money orders: 

Total amount of orders issued 

Domestic 

International 

Total number of orders issued 

Amount of orders paid 

Number of orders paid 

Amount of funds received on money 

order account 

Postal savings : 

Total amount of deposits 

Total amount of withdrawals 

Net deposits, or amoimt of de- 
posits over withdrawals 

Total number of registry receipts 

issued, letters and parcels 

Total number of parcel post packages 
insured 



$ 111,334 

S 668,054 
S 589,716 
$ 78,338 
45,126 
$ 303,604 
155,253 

$1,260,201 

$ 173,186 
100,477 



$ 94,231 

$134,203 
$127,793 
$ 6,410 
18,464 
$507,718 
180,304 

$220,313 

$ 8,710 
4,633 



72,709 

23,737 

9,523 



$ 4,077 
9,632 
4,402 



18 

398 

360 

1120 

144 

—40 

—14 

472 

1888 



1683 
146 
116 



*Compiled from the official records of the United States Postoffice at 
Petersburg. 

In the next table the combined bank resources and the 
general financial condition of the banks at Petersburg, 
Hopewell and City Point, together with the Richmond 
banks, are shown in detail. 



BANKING FACILITIES 



105 



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1C6 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



Comparative Bcmk Resources 

The combined bank resources at Petersburg on March 
7, 1916, amounted to $536.58 per capita, being greater 
than the per capita resources of the Norfolk banks, and 
nearly four times as great as the per capita resources 
of Virginia. The following table shows the combined 
bank resources at Petersburg, compared with total bank 
resources of Virginia, and of Eichmond and Norfolk on 
March 7, 1916. 



Table 24. — Combined State and National hank resources at Petersburg, corn- 
pared with the total combined State and National bank resources of the State 
of Virginia, Richmond and Norfolk, on March 7, 1916 





Number 

of 

hanks 


Total combined hank resources 
March 7, 1916 


Population 
1910 


City 


Amount 


Per cent 

State re- 
sources 


Per 
capita 


State of Virginia. . . 
PETERSBURG... 

Richmond 

Norfolk 


415 

4 

19 

14 


$281,137,398* 
12, 946, 094 t 
85,014,806t 
35,577, 182 § 


100.00 

4.60 

30.24 

12.65 


$136.37 
536.58 
666.11 
527.44 


2,061,612 

24,127 

127,628 

67,452 



*Compiled from "Statement Number 31," Banking Di^dsion, State Cor- 
poration Commission of Virginia. 

fStatement furnished by Wallace D. Blanks, Cashier, American Bank and 
Trust Company, Petersburg. 

^Statement furnished by W. P. Shelton, Assistant Cashier, First National 
Bank, Richmond. 

§Statement furnished by M. C. Ferebee, Assistant Cashier, The National 
Bank of Commerce, Norfolk, May 1, 1916. 

District Federal Reserve Bank 

The general financial condition of the district Federal 
reserve bank located at Eichmond, compared with the 
combined condition of all the Federal reserve banks, at 
the close of business on March 3, 1916, is shown in the 
following table : 



BANKING FACILITIES 



107 



Table 25. — Financial condition of the Federal reserve bank at Richmond, com- 
pared with the combined financial condition of the twelve Federal reserve 
banks of the United States, at the close of business March 3, 1916* 





Combined 

Federal reserve 

banks 


Richmond Federal 
Reserve Bank 


Item 


Amount 


Per cent 

of 

total 


Resources 
Gold coin and certificates in vault . 
Gold settlement fund 


$261,822,000 

74,890,000 

1,538,000 

338,250,000 
12,994,000 

351,244,000 
21,715,000 
30,783,000 
52,498,000 
33,063,000 
30,539,000 

116,100,000 
25,567,000 

20,576,000 
5,969,000 


$ 4,723,000 

10,886,000 

303,000 

15,912,000 

129,000 

16,041,000 

6,316,000 

176,000 

6,492,000 

1,370,000 

81,000 

7,943,000 


1.80 
14.54 


Gold redemption fund 

Total gold reserve 

Legal tender notes, silver, etc 

Total reserve 

Bills discounted — members 

Bills bought in open market 

Total bills on hand 

Investments: United States bonds 
Municipal warrants . 

Total earning assets 


19.70 
4.70 
0.99 
4.57 

29.09 
0.57 

12.37 
4.14 
0.27 
6 84 


Federal reserve notes — net 




Due from other Federal reserve 

banks — net 

All other resources 


1,601,000 
86,000 


7.78 
1.44 


Total resources 


$519,456,000 

$ 54,919,000 

36,043,000 

418,718,000 

9,635,000 


$ 25,671,000 

$ 3,337,000 

6,808,000 

11,027,000 

4,457,000 


4.94 


Liabilities 

Capital paid in 

Government deposits 


6.08 
18.89 


Reserve deposits — net 

Federal reserve notes — net 

Due to other Federal reserve 
banks — net 


2.63 

46.26 


All other liabilities 


141 , 000 


42,000 


29.79 


Total liabilities 


$519,456,000 


$ 25,671,000 


4.94 







*Compiled from the weekly statement of the Federal Reserve Board, issued 
by the Bureau of Applied Economics, Washington, March 4, 1916, p. 2. 



XVni. AaRICULTURAL RESOURCES 

Petersburg for more than a hundred years has been 
an important agricultural market for tobacco, peanuts, 
cotton, corn and the other crops raised in the Southside 
Virginia counties and in the Carolinas. The city also 
has been for many years an important marketing center 
and consuming point for timber and forest products. 
Even prior to the building of the railroads, tobacco, cot- 
ton, corn and other agricultural products of North Car- 
olina and South Carolina annually were brought hun- 
dreds of miles over country roads to be marketed here. 
The old plank roads still remembered in the Southside 
Virginia counties were built from Petersburg in various 
directions for long distances to pro\T.de for this early 
travel. 

Agricultural Products Handled at Petersburg 
Approximately 50,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco is 
handled at Petersburg annually,^" while between 5,000,- 
000 and 7,000,000 pounds annually are sold on the local 
warehouses. Between 3,000,000 and 3,500,000 bushels of 
peanuts are handled here each year.^^ From 10,000 to 
15,000 bales of cotton are marketed through Petersburg 
each season ;^^ while, including the present consumption 
of the duPont works at Hopewell, approximately 600,000 
bales of cotton are consumed in the Petersburg-Hopewell 
area per annum. The Petersburg grist mills alone an- 
nually consume about 750,000 bushels of corn ; while the 
local woodworking industries use between 65,000,000 and 
75,000,000 feet of lumber a year. 

Local Agricultural Products 
The combined annual value of the crops raised in 
the twelve Southside Virginia counties in Petersburg's 

scSee map 9, p. 42; and map 16, p. 110. 
siSee map 10, p. 46; and map 16, p. 110. 
82See map 11, p. 58; and map 16, p. 110. 

108 



AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 109 



local trade territory is now about $15,000,000. Tobacco, 
corn, peanuts, cotton, vegetables and hay are the most 
important crops in these counties, as is shown in the fol- 
lowing table : 

Table 26. — Value of specified crops produced in the twelve southside Virginia 
counties in Petersburg's local trade territory in 1910* 

Crop Value 

Total all crops $12,773,067 

Corn 2,871,886 

Wheat 297,826 

Oats 152,641 

Hay and forage 805,601 

Tobacco 2,655, 196 

Peanuts 2,015,000t 

Cotton 412,489 

Vegetables 1 ,256,573 

Fmits and nuts 326 , 755 

All other crops 1 ,979, 100 



♦Compiled from "Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," Vol. 
V, pp. 776-79. 

t Approximation. The value of peanuts was not reported separately. 

More than 30,000,000 pounds of tobacco, more than 
3,000,000 bushels of corn, and more than 2,000,000 bushels 
of peanuts were produced in the Southside counties in 
1909, according to the Thirteenth Census of the United 
States. The production of these crops in 1909^ by coun- 
ties, is shown in the table below. 

Table 27 — Production of corn, peanuts and tobacco in the twelve specified 
southside Virginia counties in Petersburg's local trade territory in 1910* 



County 


Corn 
{No. bushels) 


Peanuts 
{No. bushels) 


Tobacco 
{No. pounds) 


Southside counties (total) . . 
Amelia 


3,263,302 
204,934 
345,353 
313,837 
338,289 
114,135 
292,400 


2,013,182 

100 

60,506 

65,113 

231,965 

175,518 

13 


30,388,439 
2,703 531 


Brunswick 


3,018 946 


Chesterfield 


276 485 


Dinwiddle 


3,368 259 


Greensville 


6,200 


Lunenburg 


5,564,638 


Mecklenburg 


525,086 i 14.779 


7,934,160 


Nottoway 


232,326 
218,660 
227,153 
207,870 
243.259 


412 

5 

431,586 

463,980 

569,205 


2,402 678 


Prince Edward 


5,107,637 


Prince George 


125 


Surry 


100 


Sussex 


5,680 







*Compiled from "Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910," Vol. 
\n, pp. 810-820. 



10 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



A stndy of map 16, wMch follows, reveals that the 
local peairnt crop is grown in the comities east and south 
of Petersburg, while the tobacco crop is produced in the 
counties to the west. Cotton is grown principally in the 
counties along the Carolina border and in Sussex county. 




AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 111 

Agricidtural Opportunities 

In the three counties immediately adjacent to Peters- 
burg, between 60 and 80 per cent of the land area is in 
farms. The amount of farm land which is improved in 
these counties is between 35 and 50 per cent, although 
each county annually produces crops with a combined 
value of between $1,000,000 and $2,000,000. Approxi- 
mately 75 per cent of the farms are operated by their 
owners. 

The average value of farm land in these three coun- 
ties, according to the Thirteenth Census of the United 
States, ranges from $13.12 per acre in Prince Greorge 
county to $25.87 per acre in Chesterfield county. The 
unexcelled opportunities which these counties offer agri- 
cultural settlers desiring permanent homes have at- 
tracted people from all parts of the United States. 

In recent years a large number of farmers from other 
less favored sections of the United States have made 
their homes in these counties, among whom are many 
Bohemian and Slovak farmers from the industrial and 
mining communities of western Pennsylvania, eastern 
Ohio and from Cleveland and Chicago. 

Slavish Farmers 

The Slavs, of whom there are now about 3,000 on 
farms in the counties around Petersburg, are coming to 
this section of Virginia inspired with the desire to make 
homes for themselves on the fertile lands of the upper 
James. It is significant, as well as interesting, that in 
the Southside counties having the largest Slavish rural 
population is found the highest percentage of improved 
farm land. In Prince George county, for instance, which 
contains the largest number of Slavish farmers, the rela- 
tive amount of improved farm land is 10 per cent greater 
than in any other Southside county, even in spite of the 



112 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

fact that less than 70 per cent of the arable land in this 
county is in farms.^^ 

Summary of Local Agricultural Statistics 

In the following table a summary is presented of 
population, land area, farm property and crop statistics 
for each of the three counties adjacent to Petersburg, 
compared with the State of Virginia. 

83"Slavs on Southern Farms," by LeRoy Hodges, Senate document 
No. 595, 63d. Congress, 2d. Session, 1914, pp. 14-17. 



AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 



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XIX. CLIMATE 

The climate and natural health conditions in the 
Petersburg-Hopewell area are excellent. Serious storms 
rarely occur; while earthquakes are unknown. The an- 
nual spring freshets on the Appomattox never cause 
serious damage to property or loss of life as compared 
with the catastrophes along the Ohio and Mississippi 
and in other less favored sections of the country. The 
long, hard winters of the North do not occur ; and while 
snow frequently falls in winter, it rarely remains on the 
ground more than 48 hours. In summer, the nights are 
comparatively cool and comfortable. The mean summer 
temperature is about 75 degrees Fahrenheit; while the 
annual temperature averages about 58 degrees. The 
average annual rainfall is approximately 46 inches, and 
there are but few days in the year when outdoor work 
cannot be carried on. 

Summary of ClimMtological Data 

Table 29, which follows on page 115, presents a sum- 
mary of climatological data for Petersburg compiled 
from the records of the United States Weather Bureau 
covering a period of from 16 to 21 years. 

In table 30, on page 116, is shown the annual rain- 
fall at Petersburg, by months, for a period of 21 years 
from 1888 to 1908, inclusive. 

Relative Advantages 
The general climatic conditions at Petersburg are 
compared with those at Richmond, and the four South 
Atlantic ports of Baltimore, Norfolk, Wilmington and 
Charleston, and with those at seven leading industrial 
cities in the United States, including New York, Phila- 
delphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, St Louis and 
Birmingham, in table 31, on page 117. 

114 



CLIMATE 



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PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



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118 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



As these tables are easily understood, a discus- 
sion of them is not required to show the relative climatic 
advantages which the Petersburg-Hopewell area pos- 
sesses. To supplement these tables, however, a series of 
climatological maps is presented below showing the an- 
nual percentage of sunshine, the average annual number 
of rainy days, the normal annual rainfall, the mean an- 
nual temperature, and the length of the crop-growing 
season in Virginia, with particular reference to Peters- 
burg, and in the nearby States of Delaware, Maryland, 
North Carolina and South Carolina. 




^^^^^^ 




yyyy[y'^ 



K4f</0000' ^^X^Y^y^)il 



■^ .'^ y y y y<^-^ y^- 







^^yyyy yy ].^ 



y^y^'^ 



CAROLIXA- 



yyyy y 



■ yyyy yyy 



Map 17. — Normal annual percentage oj sunshine at Petersburg, according to 
the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 



CLIMATE 



119 



ISO 



130 




Map 18. — Average annual number of days with precipitation of 0,01 inch or 
more at Petersburg, according to the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 



120 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 




Map 19. — Normal annual number oj inches of rainfall (precipitation) at Peters- 
burg ^ according to the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 



CLIMATE 



121 



60- 




Map 20. — Normal annual number degrees {Fahrenheit) of temperature at Peters- 
burg, according to the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 



122 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



f200 




Map 21. — Average annual length of the crop-growing season {number of days) 
at Petersburg, according to the United States Weather Bureau, 1916 



XX. HOUSING FACILITIES AND COST OF LIVING 

That Petersburg can house the operatives of new in- 
dustrial enterprises has been very clearly demonstrated 
in connection with the establishment of the duPont works 
at Hopewell. During 1915 nearly 30,000 operatives were 
assembled here while the Hopewell works were under 
construction. In order to provide living accommodations 
for this new and unexpected population, which was about 
equal to the existing population, Petersburg undertook 
and successfully carried out a most remarkable building 
program. Eesidences of all sorts, kinds and descriptions 
were built literally by the thousands, while numerous 
hotels, rooming houses and business establishments were 
erected or enlarged. 

For example, as is shown in the table following, the 
value of new buildings erected within the city limits 
during the year ending April 30, 1916, amounted to 
$1,050,000, an increase over the value reported in the 
previous year of 425 per cent. 

Table 32 — Comparison of value of neiv buildings erected atid additions and 
improvemerus to old buildings at Petersburg for the years 1915 and 1916* . 



Item 


Year 

ending 

April 30, 

1916 


Year 

ending 

April 30, 

1915 


Per cent 

of 
increase, 
1915-1916 


Value of new buildings erected 

Value of additions and improve- 
ments to old buildings 


$1,050,000 
60,000 


$200,000 
75,000 


425.0 
—20.0 






Total 


$1,110,000 


$275,000 


303.6 









*Compiled from the records of the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 
City of Petersburg. 



The city now can provide sufficient housing facilities 
to care for all industrial demands. 

123 



124 PETERSBURG. VIRGINIA 

Rents 

In May, 1914, before the extensive enlargement of the 
Hopewell works was contemplated, the average monthly- 
rent for two-room cottages at Petersburg, occupied by 
white tenants', was between $4 and $4.50, while the 
average rent for six-room dwellings occupied by white 
wage-earners was abont $20 per month. An investigation 
of the rents of 717 houses in Petersburg, occupied by 
white tenants, made by the Bureau of Applied Economics 
in May, 1916, revealed, in spite of the fact that in some 
instances there had been increases as high as 150 per 
cent during the two years between May 1, 1914, and May 
1, 1916, that the average monthly rent per room for 2, 
3, 4, 5 and 6 room dwellings was between $2.25 and 
$5.50 — an average monthly rent of not more than $3.52 
per room. A study of the rents of 759 dwellings occu- 
pied by negro tenants at this time showed that the aver- 
age monthly rent per room for 2, 3, 4 and 5 room dwell- 
ings was approximately $2.74, ranging between $2 and 
$3.25. 

Comparing these average monthly room rents with 
those paid by native and foreign-born white industrial 
wage earners in Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, 
Milwaukee, New York and Philadelphia, as reported by 
the United States Immigration Commission in 1910, it is 
found that the 1916 Petersburg rents are comparatively 
low. Statistics showing the increase in rents at these 
larger industrial cities since 1910 are not available, but 
as the increased 1916 rents at Petersburg compare very 
favorably with the rents of six years ago in these cities, 
it is safe to assume that the present rents among the 
wage earners at Petersburg are in reality relatively low, 
rather than abnormally high. 

The following table shows the average rent per room 
among white industrial wage earners at Petersburg in 



HOUSING FACILITIES 125 

1916, compared with the average rent per room among 
native and foreign-born wage earners at the leading 
northern and western industrial cities in 1910. 

Table 33 — Average rent per room per month among white industrial wage 
earners at Petersburg in 1916, compared with the average rent among white 
native and foreign-born wage earners in specified cities in 1910 

Average rent 
City per room 

per month 

PETERSBURG* $3.52 

Bostonf 3.13 

Buffalot 2.18 

Chicagof 2.31 

Clevelandf 2 .03 

Milwaukeef 2 . 12 

New Yorkf 3.89 

Philadelphiaf 2 .71 

*Compiled from the records of the leading Petersburg rental agencies (1916). 
fCompiled from "Reports of the Immigration Commission" (Senate Docu- 
ment No. 338, 61st Congress, 2d Session), Vol. 27 (1910). 

Price of Food 

Between July 15, 1914, and July 15, 1916, the price of 
food at Petersburg increased, on the whole, compara- 
tively little. On a few articles, such as Irish potatoes, 
flour and butter, there was an increase of from 15 to 
about 35 per cent, while the price of sugar increased 
from four and one-half to eight and one-half cents a 
pound. The price of meats, on the other hand, showed 
very little change. 

Comparing the average retail prices of the fifteen 
principal articles of food at Petersburg on July 15, 1915, 
with the average prices reported by the United States 
Bureau of Labor Statistics for Baltimore, Birmingham, 
Buffalo, Detroit, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, on the 
same date, it is found that the Petersburg prices are rela- 
tively low. As these cities were selected for comparison 
simply because of their industrial importance, the fact 
that the cost of foodstuffs is comparatively lower at 
Petersburg is significant in that it indicates a relative 
economic advantage possessed by the Petersburg-Hope- 
well industrial area. The following table shows the com- 
parative prices at these cities on July 15, 1915, in detail. 



126 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



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127 



Industrial Fire Insurance Rates 

Petersburg is rated as a first-class city by the South- 
eastern Underwriters^ Association (Virginia Inspection 
and Rating Bureau), and the fire insurance rates, on in- 
dustrial buildings are on a relatively low basis. The 
following table shows the rates on certain classes of 
buildings used for industrial purposes. 



Table 35. — Fire insurance rates at Petersburg, as of May 1, 1916, on industrial 
brick and frame buildings, by specified industries* 



Industry 



Agricultural implement works 

Barrel and stave mills 

Brick works 

Canning and preserving factories 

Carriage and wagon works 

Cotton bag factories 

Cotton mills 

Fertilizer plants ,. 

Furniture factories 

Iron and steel works and rolling mills 

Knitting mills 

Leather goods manufactories 

Mattress factories 

Peanut factories 

Planing mills 

Pottery and tile works 

Shoe factories 

Silk mnis 

Soap factories 

Spoke and handle factories 

Spool factories 

Stove works 

Tobacco factories 

Trunk factories 

Wooden box factories. 



Basis ratef 



Brick 


Frame 


building t 


building t 


(Class B) 


{Class C-D) 


$1.50 


$2.50 


2.50 


3.75 


1.50 


2.00 


1.50 


2.50 


2.00 


2.75 


1.25 


2.00 


.75 


1.10 


1.00 


1.25 


3.00 


4.00 


1.25 


1.75 


.50 


.85 


1.00 


1.25 


3.00 


3.50 


1.50 


2.00 


2.75 


3.25 


2.00 


2.50 


1.00 


1.25 


.50 


1.10 


1.75 


2.75 


2.50 


3.50 


1.75 


2.50 


1.00 


1.75 


1.25 


2.25 


1.75 


2.60 


2.00 


2.85 



*Petersburg is rated a first-class city by the Southeastern Underwriters 
Association (Virginia Inspection and Rating Bureau), and the rates shown 
are for buildings of standard construction according to the specifications of 
the Association. 

fRate is for each $100 of insured value. 

JEstablishments with sprinkler systems receive rates ranging from 40 per 
cent to 70 per cent less than the basis rates for standard buildings. 



128 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

Petershurg Building Code 

The Petersburg building regulations have been very 
thoroughly revised recently, and a full-time city build- 
ing inspector appointed to see that the provisions of the 
new code are properly observed. The principal pro- 
visions of the code/* which relate directly to and govern 
the construction and maintenance of buildings in the 
city for manufacturing purposes, follow. 

Approval of Specifications. — Before erection, con- 
struction or alteration of any building can be under- 
taken, specifications must be approved by the city build- 
ing inspector. 

Building Defined. — ^'Any structure having a roof, 
whether with or without one or more enclosing walls, *^ 
is considered a building and is subject to the provisions 
of the city building code. 

Building Material Tests. — Tests of structural ma- 
terial of whatever nature must be made under the super- 
vision of the city building inspector. 

Lime Mortar.^ — Slaked lime mortar must be com- 
posed of one part of lime paste and not more than three 
parts of sand. The lime is to be thoroughly burnt, of 
good quality, and properly slaked before being mixed 
Avith the sand. 

Cement Mortar. — Cement mortar must be one part 
cement, and not more than three parts of sand. The 
mixture must be used immediately after being made. 

Cement and Lime Mortar. — Cement and lime mortar 
must be made of one part slaked lime paste, one part 
cement, with not more than three parts of sand to each. 

Cement. — Cements must meet the following specifi- 
cations : 

1. Portland cement must possess a tensile strength 
of not less than 200 pounds per square inch after stand- 

84"Building Code of the City of Petersburg, Virginia," 1916. 



HOUSING FACILITIES 129 

ing 24 hours in moist air; and not less than 500 pounds 
per square inch after one day in air, and six days in 
water. 

2. Cements other than Portland shall stand a test of 
60 pounds to the square inch after standing two days in 
air ; and after one day in air and six days in water, must 
sustain a tensile strain of at least 120 pounds per square 
inch. 

Concrete.— Concrete for foundations must consist of 
at least one part Portland cement, two and a half parts 
sand, and five parts clean broken stone of two and a half- 
inch ring size; or one part Portland cement and five 
parts of sand gravel of three-inch ring size. 

Iron. — Wrought iron must possess an ultimate ten- 
sile resistance of not less than 48,000 pounds per square 
inch, an elastic limit of not less than 24,000 poimds per 
square inch, and an elongation of 20 per cent in eight 
inches. 

Cast iron must be clean and gray. Sand-mold bars 
five feet long and one inch square must be able to sus- 
tain a central load of 450 pounds on supports four feet 
six inches apart. 

Steel. — All structural steel must have an ultimate 
tensile strength of from 54,000 to 64,000 pounds per 
square inch, an elastic limit of not less than 32,000 pounds 
per square inch, and an elongation of not less than 20 
per cent in eight inches. 

Rivet steel must have an ultimate strength of from 
50,000 to 58,000 pounds per square inch. 

Cast steel from an open hearth must contain from 
one-fourth to one-half per cent carbon, not over eight 
one-hundredths of one per cent of phosphorus, and must 
be free more or less from blow holes. 

Bearing Capacity of Soil. — Where no tests have been 



130 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



made, the different soils are assumed to sustain the fol- 
lowing loads to the superficial foot : 

1. Soft clay, one ton per square foot. 

2. Ordinary clay and sand together, in layers, wet 
and springy, two tons per square foot. 

3. day or fine sand, firm and dry, three tons per 
square foot. 

4. Very firm, coarse sand, stiff gravel, or hard clay, 
four tons per square foot. 

Foundations. — '** Every building, except buildings 
erected upon solid rock, or buildings erected upon 
wharves and piers on the water front, must have foun- 
dations of brick, stone, iron, steel or concrete laid not 
less than 18 inches below the surface of the earth, on the 
solid ground or level surface or rock, or upon piles or 
ranging timbers when solid earth or rock is not found. ^ ' 

For factories and warehouses more than three stories 
in height, the pressure under foundation footings must 
be computed at both full ^ * dead ' ' and * * live ' ^ load. 

Height of Buildings. — The height of non-fireproof 
buildings is limited to 65 feet. 

Thickness of Walls. — The thickness of factory and 
warehouse walls, 25 feet or less apart, carrying floor and 
roof loads, must be constructed as follows: 









Thickness of walls {in inches) 










Height 
















of 


Basement 






Story 






building 


















Stone 


Brick 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 story.... 


20 


16 


13 




















2 storiey. . . 


20 


16 


13 


13 


















3 stories. . . 


20 


16 


13 


13 


13 
















4 stories. . . 


24 


20 


16 


16 


16 


13 














5 stories. . . 


28 


24 


20 


16 


16 


16 


13 












8 stories. . . 


32 


28 


24 


20 


20 


20 


16 


16 










7 stories. . . 


32 


28 


24 


24 


20 


20 


20 


16 


16 








8 stories. . . 


36 


32 


24 


24 


24 


20 


20 


20 


16 


16 






9 stories. . . 


36 


32 


28 


24 


24 


24 


20 


20 


20 


16 


16 




1 stories . . . 


36 


32 


28 


28 


24 


24 


24 J 20 


20 


20 


16 


16 



HOUSING FACILITIES 



131 



Walls separated by a clear span distance of over 25 
feet, must be made 4 inches thicker than is required 
above, for each 12% feet of such extra span distance. 
Piers or buttresses can be used, however, when it is de- 
sired to avoid increasing the thickness of the walls. 

The height of stories for all given thicknesses of walls 
shall not exceed: 

1. First story 16 feet in the clear. 

2. Second story 14 feet in the clear. 

3. Third story 12 feet in the clear. 

4. Fourth and upper stories 11 feet in the clear. 



If any story exceeds these heights, its walls and all 
walls below it will have to be increased four inches in 
thickness. 

Floor Areas, — The floor area in factories between 
brick fire walls of a thickness corresponding to the main 
bearing walls is limited as follows : 





Limit of floor area^^ (in square feet) 


Location of building 


Non-fireproof 
construction 


Fireproof con- 
struction not 
exceeding 55 
ft. in height 


Fireproof con- 
struction ex- 
ceeding 55 ft. 
in height 


Fronting on one street only 
Extending from street to 

street 

On corner fronting on two 

streets 

Fionting on three streets. . 


5.000 

6,000 

6,000 
7,500 


10,000 

12,000 

12,000 
15,000 


5,000 

6,000 

6,000 
7,500 



Electrical Installation. — Electric wiring or any other 
installation for furnishing light, heat or power must be 
installed according to the rules and regulations of the 

85Floor area in buildings equipped with approved automatic sprink- 
lers can be increased as follows: (a) Non-fireproof construction, 50 
per cent greater; (b) both classes of fireproof construction, 33 1-3 per 
cent greater. 



132 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

National Electrical Code of the National Board of Fire 
Underwriters, subject to the approval of the city build- 
ing inspector. 

Fire Escapes. — ** Every factory, mill, manufactory 
or workshop * * * over two stories in height * * * shall 
be provided with such good and sufficient fire escapes, 
stairways, or other means of egress in case of fire as shall 
be directed by the city building inspector." 

Floor Loads. — The '^dead'' loads in all buildings shall 
consist of the actual weight of walls, floors, roofs, par- 
titions and all permanent construction. 

The ^4ive" or variable loads shall consist of all loads 
other than dead loads. 

Every floor must be of sufficient strength safely to 
bear the weight to be imposed thereon in addition to the 
weight of the materials of which the floor is composed. 
Factory floors must be of sufficient strength safely to bear 
upon every superficial foot of surface not less than 150 
pounds. Where running machinery is used, floors must 
be additionally strengthened as may be required by the 
city building inspector. 

Enforcement of Building Regulations. — The city 
building inspector and his assistants are vested with 
police power in the discharge of their official duties ; while 
the chief of the city fire department and his assistants 
have the right to enter all buildings to investigate or 
prevent violations of the city building ordinances. 



XXI. PUBLIC HEALTH 

Considered as a whole, general public health condi- 
tions at Petersburg are above the average. Eapid pro- 
gress is being made along sanitary lines in all parts of 
the city. The city public health department now has the 
full support of the council and executive officers in its 
work, and within a few years it is planned to make 
Petersburg a model health community. 

The work of the local authorities in preventing the 
spread of disease at Petersburg during the past two 
years deserves the highest praise, for during the most 
of this period, while the Hopewell works were under 
construction, the city has sheltered an increased incom- 
ing and outgoing population as large as the existing per- 
manent population prior to the outbreak of the Euro- 
pean war. This new population has been assembled 
from all parts of the country, and includes a large num- 
ber of negroes who have congregated in greatly over- 
crowded living quarters. In spite of these abnormal con- 
ditions, there has been no serious outbreak of any 
disease; while the annual death rate from disease has 
been unusually low. 

Typhoid Fever 

This is best illustrated in the decrease in the num- 
ber of cases of typhoid fever reported. For instance, 
the number of cases of typhoid reported in 1915 was 
nearly 78 per cent lower than the number of cases re- 
ported in 1910. Nine of the 24 cases of typhoid reported 
in the city in 1915 were contracted elsewhere and brought 
to Petersburg for treatment. 

Three negroes and two white persons died of typhoid 
in 1915. Three of these five persons who died of the 
disease in this year — two of them white and one negro — 

133 



134 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

were non-residents of the city. Assuming that the aver- 
age number of people in Petersburg during 1915 was 35,- 
000, which is a very conservative estimate, the death rate 
per 1,000 population from typhoid for the year was only 
.14 as compared with a rate of .40 in 1913. Considering 
the terribly overcrowded living conditions in the city 
during this year, this is a very creditable record. 

The decrease in the number of cases of typhoid re- 
ported in Petersburg during the past six years is shown 
by the f ollomng figures :^® 

Hurtiber cases 
Year typhoid reported 

1910 107 

1911 82 

1912 59 

1913 37 

1914 , 30 

1915 24 

Mortality Rate 

The mortality rate at Petersburg^^ in 1913, by speci- 
fied age groups, compared with Richmond, Baltimore, 
Norfolk, Wilmington, North Carolina, Charleston, South 
Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, is shown in table 
36, on the next page. Figures for 1913 are used in 
order to show the relative conditions at Petersburg as 
compared with these other representative Atlantic sea- 
board cities during a normal period. 

Table 37, on page 136, shows the death rate per 1,- 
000 population at Petersburg in 1913, compared with 
these same cities, by specified diseases. 



86Compiled from "Annual Report, Department of Public Health, 
City of Petersburg, Virginia, 1915," p. 6. 

87ln drawing conclusions from tables 36 and 37 it should be kept 
in mind that the figures for Petersburg include deaths at the city 
almshouse. The Central State Hospital for the insane, exclusively for 
negro patients, also is located at Petersburg. 



PUBLIC HEALTH 



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PETERSBURG. VIRGINIA 



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PUBLIC HEALTH 137 

The rather high annual infant mortality rate in 1913 
shown for Petersburg in the two preceding tables is being 
materially lowered by the more extended educational 
work now being done by the city public health depart- 
ment among the negroes and poorer whites in the con- 
gested factory districts. While it is readily admitted 
that much remains to be done along this line, the signifi- 
cant point is that the condition is fully recognized and 
every effort is now being made to correct it. 

With more funds at its disposal, and with a more 
widespread cooperation on the part of the general pub- 
lic, the city health authorities will be able in the course 
of the next year or two materially to lower the present 
death rate. While the present rate at Petersburg is not 
as high as in some of the other principal cities on the 
Atlantic seaboard, it is nevertheless the determination 
of the local authorities to cut it in two at least. 



XXII. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 

With eight public school buildings in use, and an au- 
thorized building program for the next two years which 
will about double the efficiency of the present plant, 
Petersburg is making every effort fully to meet the edu- 
cational demands of the city^s rapidly growing popula- 
tion. The assessed value of the public school plant in 
December, 1916, was $320,000, while the available au- 
thorized appropriations for new buildings amounted to 
$310,000. Included among the new buildings is a high 
school, two white grammar schools and three schools 
for negroes. 

When this authorized building program is completed, 
,the oldest public school building in use in the city will 
be only nine years old, and each building will conform to 
the most exacting requirements of architectural design, 
sanitation and service. Petersburg then will have one 
of the best housed public school systems in Virginia. 

In addition to the public schools, the Southern Col- 
lege, an institution chartered by the Confederate legis- 
lature for the training of young women; the St. Joseph's 
Catholic School for Girls ; and the Virginia Normal and 
Industrial Institute, a State school exclusively for the 
colored race, are located at Petersburg. 

Public School PopulaUon and Enrollment 

In 1910 there were 2,860 white and 2,848 colored chil- 
dren in Petersburg between the ages of seven and twenty. 
According to the school census of 1915, there were 3,355 
white and 2,853 colored children of school age in the 
city^ — an increase of over 17 per cent in the white school 
population between 1910 and 1915. The white enroll- 
ment in the public schools in September, 1916, also ex- 
ceeded that of 1915 by more than 300. 

138 



EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 139 

The total estimated enrollment in the public schools 
of Petersburg for the session 1916-1917 is about 5,200. 
The white enrollment increased during the five years, 
1911-1916, more than 53 per cent, and the colored more 
than 15 per cent. 

School Expenditures 

The annual expenditures for school purposes, ex- 
clusive of buildings, is approximately $85,000, or about 
$16.30 per capita of enrollment. 

In December, 1916, the number of teachers employed 
was 107, who received salaries ranging from $55 to $70 
per month in the white elementary grades, and from 
$35 to $45 per month in the colored schools. Teachers 
in the high schools were paid from $675 to $1,300 per 
annum. Under a new policy of the city school board, the 
salaries of all teachers gradually will bo raised in ac- 
cordance with a graduated scale. 

Public School Curriculum 

Courses offered in the Petersburg public schools con- 
form to the Virginia State requirements. Seven years 
are required in the elementary grades; and four years 
in the high schools, where from 17 to 19 Carnegie units 
are required for graduation. The school year is divided 
into two sections, so that promotions are made in Feb- 
ruary and in June. 

The curriculum includes all standard public school 
courses, and in addition, courses are offered in music, 
drawing, domestic science, manual training and commer- 
cial work. 

Medical inspection of all pupils is provided, while in 
all the schools careful attention is paid to matters of 
health and sanitation. Two full-time school nurses also 
are employed ; one for the white and one for the colored 
schools. 



XXni. CITY AND COUNTY GOVERNMENT 

The present charter of the City of Petersburg (De- 
cember, 1916) was granted by the General Assembly of 
Virginia in 1875, and vests the city government in a 
mayor and a bicameral council. Under authority of this 
act, the city is divided into six equal population wards, 
each of which constitutes a separate election district. 
There is a growing public demand in Petersburg, how- 
ever, for the adoption of a more efficient and less cum- 
bersome form of government than is possible under the 
present charter. 

Diagram 2, on the next page, shows the organization 
of the city government of Petersburg on June 1, 1916. 

Commission-Manager Government Recommended for 

Petersburg 

In 1914, a special committee of the Chamber of Com- 
merce of Petersburg,^^ appointed to study the city gov- 
ernment, recommended that Petersburg take advantage 
of the Virginia optional charter act of March 13, 1913, 
and adopt a commission-manager form of government 
with **a legislative and supervisory commission, or 
^eounciP as it is designated in the Virginia law, of five 
members who shall be elected from the city at large for 
terms of four years each, who shall receive nominal 
salaries to be fixed as provided by the statute, and, with 
the exception of those city officials whose election by 
popular vote is expressly required by the Constitution 
of Virginia, that the members of this council be the only 
elective officers of the city; and that the executive and 

ssCommittee on Simplified Form of City Government (1914): R. 
B. Willcox, chairman; Bernard C. Syme, secretary; O. W. Mattox; 
Carl H. Davis; Robert Gilliam, Jr.; and LeRoy Hodges. Report sub- 
mitted to the Chamber of Commerce in July, 1914. 

140 



GOVERNMENT 



141 




142 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

administrative powers of the city, including the appoint- 
ment of officials and employes subject to an effective and 
impartial civil service, be vested in a single official to be 
known as the *city manager,* who shall be employed 
either from the city, if a suitable man can be found, or 
from the country at large, by the council, which shall 
fix his salary and exercise supervisory control over his 
work, and which shall have the power to remove him at 
pleasure. ' ' 

Present Organization Petersburg City Gorvernment^^ 

Under the existing charter the present city govern- 
ment of Petersburg (as shown in diagram 2, on page 
141), is organized with a bicameral council of thirty-six 
members, composed of a board of aldermen, or upper 
chamber, with twelve members, two being elected from 
each ward for four years; and a conunon council, with 
twenty-four members, four of whom are elected in each 
ward to serve for four years each. 

Council 

Every two years — in even years — the two branches 
of the council meet on the first week day in September 
and each elects a president and a vice-president to serve 
for the next two years. Members of committees and 
committee chairmen are appointed at these meetings. 

In the absence of both the president and the vice- 
president, each branch of the council elects its own pre- 
siding officer, called the president pro tempore. Either 
of these officers, of each branch of the council, when pre- 
siding, signs the proceedings of the previous meeting of 
the respective chamber, after they are read and ap- 
proved ; has authority to call any member to the chair to 
preside while he participates in debates, can vote, and in 

89The government of HopeweU is discussed on pp. 30-32. 



GOVERNMENT 143 

the event of a tie, can vote a second time to break the tie. 
A majority of the members of each branch of the coun- 
cil constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 

When the two chambers of the council meet in joint 
session, the president of the board of aldermen presides. 
In joint votes, he can break a tie. 

The rules of the council provide that if a member of 
either chamber fails to attend three successive regular 
monthly meetings, unless sick or out of the city, he for- 
feits his seat. 

Standing committees of the council are joint commit- 
tees composed usually of two aldermen and three coun- 
cilmen. The finance committee is the only exception to 
this general rule. This committee, while always com- 
posed of five members representing the two chambers 
of the council, is made up without regard to any fixed 
number of members who shall represent either the board 
of aldermen or the common council. The city treasurer 
acts as secretary to the finance connnittee, while the city 
auditor serves as clerk. The fourteen joint standing 
committees are as follows : 

1. Finance 

2. Claims 

3. Streets 

4. Public property 

5. Cemetery 

6. Gas and lights 

7. Water works and sewers 

8. Officers' bonds, ordinances, and courts of justice 

9. Public parks and markets 

10. Health 

11. Relief of the poor 

12. Public improvements 

13. Deflection of flood waters Appomattox river from harbor 

14. Purchasing. 

Mayor and Other Elective Officers 

The chief executive officer of the city, under the pres- 
ent charter, is the mayor, who is elected every four years 
by the qualified voters from the city at large. In case of 



144 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

a vacancy in the office of mayor, the council, in joint ses- 
sion, elects a qualified person to act as mayor for the tm- 
expired term, or until the next election of members of 
the council, if such an election should be held first. In 
the absence of the mayor, the president of the board of 
aldermen, or, if he also is absent, the president of the 
common council discharges the duties of the office. 

The mayor has the power to veto ordinances passed 
by the council, which require a two-thirds vote of each 
branch to reenact them. He has the powers of a justice 
of the peace, but cannot accept fees as such, and is the 
custodian of the city seal. The council fixes the mayor's 
salary, which is at present $1,200 per annum. 

Other city officers elected by the qualified voters of 
Petersburg are as follows : 

1. Officers whose election by the people is prescribed by 
the Constitution of Virginia — 

. City treasurer 4 years 

Commissioner of the revenue 4 " 

Commonwealth attorney 4 " 

City sergeant 4 " 

Clerk of the Hustings Courtso g 

High constable 4 " 

Justices of the peace (2) 4 " 

2. Officers whose election by the people is required by the 
city charter — 

Collector of city taxes 4 years 

City ganger 4 

Officials Appointed by the Council 
Among the other principal city officials, who are ap- 
pointed by the council, each for a term of four years, are 
the following : 

City attorney 
City auditor9i 
City engineer 

soAlso clerk of Fourth Virginia Circuit Court at Petersburg. 
91 Serves as clerk to the city council, and to the finance committee 
of the council. 



GOVERNMENT 145 

Clerk to council committeess* 
Health officer 
Building inspector 
Milk and food inspector 
Clerk of the markets 
Keeper of Blandford Cemetery 
Collector of delinquent taxes 
Register of the water works 
Port warden 

Measurer of lumber and logs 
City physicians (3) 

Boards and Commissions 

The present city government of Petersburg also in- 
cludes a number of special boards and commissions, each 
possessing certain delegated powers and authority in the 
management of the city's affairs. 

School Board. — The city is divided into four special 
school districts, from each of which the council appoints 
three persons, who serve for a term of three years, as 
members of the school board. This board, consisting of 
twelve members, has direct control of the public schools 
of the city. 

Board of Health, — The board of health consists of 
the health ofScer and the three city physicians, who are 
appointed by the council. The inspector of milk and food 
supplies, appointed by the council, is under the super- 
vision of this board, as are the sanitary inspectors who 
are appointed by the health committee of the council. 

Police Commission. — The police commission consists 
of three members, Avho are appointed by the council for 
a term of three years. This commission appoints the 
chief of police, officers and men, and has complete con- 
trol of the police department of the city. 

Fire Commission. — Like the police commission, the 
fire commission is appointed by the council, consists of 

92Serves also as clerk to the city engineer, and to the hoard of 
health. 



146 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

three members, who serve for a term of three years, and 
has complete control of the city fire department, includ- 
ing the appointment of the chief, officers and men. 

Board of Overseers of the Poor. — The board of over- 
seers of the poor has charge of the city almshouse. It 
consists of twelve members, two appointed by the coun- 
cil from each of the six wards of the city for a term of 
four years. 

Lower Appomattox Board, — The lower Appomattox 
board has charge of the harbor development and main- 
tenance, and consists of six members who are appointed 
by the council from the city at large. 

Sinking Fund Commissioners. — The city charter pro- 
vides that a body known as the ** sinking fund commis- 
sioners*^ must be appointed by the council to manage the 
sinking fund required to secure the retirement of the 
city's fiscal obligations. This body, as appointed by the 
council, now consists of the members of the joint com- 
mittee on finance of the council and the city treasurer, 
who acts as secretary. 

Municipal Courts 

The Petersburg city courts include the hustings or 
corporation court, the judge of which is appointed by the 
General Assembly of Virginia for a term of eight years ; 
and the police court, which is presided over by a justice 
who is named for a term of four years by the judge of the 
hustings court. 

The judge of the hustings court also appoints the city 
coroner, who serves for a term of four years; and who, 
to be eligible for appointment, must be a licensed phy- 
sician. 



GOVERNMENT 147 

Organization of Prince George County Government 

In view of the large territory within the Petersburg- 
Hopewell area that lies in Prince Greorge county, the 
organization of the county government also is of im- 
portance. 

In Virginia, counties have no jurisdiction over the 
cities, and a duplication of city and county government 
thus is avoided. The government of Petersburg, for in- 
stance, is entirely independent of the counties of Ches- 
terfield, Dinwiddle and Prince George, in which the city 
is located ; while the government of the incorporated area 
of the city of Hopewell is independent of the county of 
Prince George. The State constitution prescribes the 
form of county government, which is practically the 
same in all Virginia counties. Local legislative powers 
are vested in a board of supervisors, which is composed 
of one supervisor elected from each magisterial district 
of the respective counties. The principal administra- 
tive officers are elected by the people from the county at 
large, while limited executive powers are vested in the 
judges of the circuit courts. 

The organization of the county government of Prince 
George county on July 1, 1916, is shown in the following 
diagram : 



148 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 




I 



o 

I 



1 



XXIV. PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION 

On July 1, 1916, the total authorized and outstand- 
ing bonded debt of the City of Petersburg amounted 
to $1,930,000— a net indebtedness of $1,356,936. The 
charter limits the ratio of bonded indebtedness to the 
assessed valuation of real property at 22 per cent. On 
this date the gross indebtedness amounted to only 16.5 
per cent, while the net indebtedness was less than 11.7 
per cent. 

The total amount of the sinking fund on July 1, 1916, 
was $573,064, invested principally in local City of Peters- 
burg, City of Portsmouth, Virginia, and City of Bristol, 
Tennessee, securities, and in bank certificates of de- 
posit. The city's annual appropriation to the sinking 
fund now amounts to $23,109.®^ 

The assessed valuation of real property in Peters- 
burg on July 1, 1916, was $11,694,873 ; and that of per- 
sonal property, $11,244,991 — a total assessed valuation 
of taxable property of $22,939,864. The legal basis on 
which the valuation of property is made under the new 
Virginia tax laws is the *^fair market value. '* The 
basis on which the assessment is made at Petersburg 
is about 75 per cent of the true valuation of the prop- 
erty. The levies of real property taxes in the city for 
1915 amounted to $192,987, and the personal property 
levies to $89,945 — the total amount of levies of property 
taxes for this year being $282,932.^* 

Relative Financial Condition of the City of Petersburg 

The general financial condition of the City of Peters- 
burg in 1913, according to the reports of the United 



93Figures furnished by the City Auditor of Petersburg. 
94pigures furnished by the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 
City of Petersburg. 

149 



150 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

States Bureau of the Census, is shown in the following 
.table: 

Table 38. — General financial condiiion of the City of Petersburg, 19 13* 

Population 

Estimated as of July 1, 1913 24,878 

Valuation and taxation 

Total assessed valuation of property $20,359,335 

Real property " 11,141,060 

Personal property 9,218 ,275 

Per capita assessed valuation of property 818.37 

Basis of assessment (per cent of true valuation) : 

Real property 75 

Personal property 75 

Average rate for city purposes : 

Per $1,000 of assessed valuation 14 .00 

Per SI, 000 of estimated true valuation 10 .50 

Total levies of property taxes 285 , 131 

Per capita levy of property taxes li .46 

Income 

Total receipts during the year $451 ,679 

Revenue receipts 404 , 403 

Non-revenue receipts 47 , 276 

Per capita income from revenue receipts 16 .26 

Expenditures 

Total payments during the year $426,761 

Governmental cost payments 393,859 

Non-governmental cost payments 32,902 

Per capita governmental cost payments 15 .83 

Indebtedness 

Total indebtedness $1,415,000 

Fimded debt outstanding 1 ,415,000 

Net indebtedness 776,358 

Per capita net indebtedness 31 .21 

Assets 

Total city assets and properties $1 ,718,884 

Sinking fund assets 638,642 

Value of city properties 975 , 000 



♦Compiled f rom "Wealth, Debt and Taxation, 1913," United States Bureau 
of the Census. 

Comparing Petersburg's general financial condition 
in this year with the general financial condition of the 
cities of Lynchburg, Virginia; Charlotte, North Caro- 
lina; Columbia, South Carolina; Lexington, Kentucky; 



FINANCE AND TAXATION 151 

and Knoxville, Tennessee — ^five representative sonthern 
cities of about the size of Petersburg — it is found that 
the average city tax rate per $1,000 of assessed valuation 
is lower than in any of these cities with the exception 
of Charlotte; while the per capita net indebtedness is 
lower with the exception of Lexington. A closer study 
of the Charlotte figures, however, reveals that its in- 
come in 1913 was less than its expenditures, and that 
its per capital governmental cost payments in this year 
were more than twice as high as those in Petersburg; 
while it also is noticed that the per capita governmental 
cost payments were less in Petersburg than in Lexing- 
ton in this year. From this comparison, it is easily seen 
that the relative financial condition of the City of Peters- 
burg is excellent. 

The following table shows in detail the general finan- 
cial condition of Petersburg in 1913, compared with these 
five representative southern cities. 



152 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



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FINANCE AND TAXATION 133 

General Financial Condition of the State of Virginia 

The following table shows the general financial con- 
dition of the State of Virginia in 1915, according to the 
reports of the United States Bureau of the Census. 

Table 40. — General financial condition of the State of Virginia, 1915* 

Population 
Estimated as of March 31, 1914 2, 144,757 

Valuation and taxation 

Total assessed valuation of property $934 , 767 , 438 

Real property 547,483 ,624 

Personal property 247,882,889 

Other property 139 ,400,925 

Per capita assessed valuation of property 435 .84 

Rate of levy for general property tax per $1,000 assessed valua- 
tion 3.50 

Rate of levy for poU tax 1 . 00 

Total tax levy 4,380, 170 

Of the general property tax 3 , 271 , 686 

Of special property and other special taxes 654,671 

Of the poll tax 453,813 

Per capita levy of property and other special taxes 1 .83 

Income 

Total receipts during the year $ 12 , 781 , 053 

Revenue receipts 9 , 357 , 923 

Non-revenue receipts 3 , 423 , 130 

Per capita income from revenue receipts 4 .36 

Expenditures 

Total payments during the year $ 12,561 ,054 

Governmental cost payments 8 , 835 , 293 

Non-governmental cost payments 3 , 725 , 761 

Per capita governmental cost payments 4 . 12 

Indebtedness 

Total State indebtedness at close of year $ 24,929,471 

Funded or fixed debt outstanding 24,780,486 

Current indebtedness 148 ,985 

Net indebtedness at close of year 24, 142 , 898 

Per capita net indebtedness 11 .26 

Assets 
Total State assets and value of public properties at close of year $20,779,432 

Sinking fund assets 637 , 588 

General State cash on hand at close of year 1 , 009 , 600 

Value of State public properties 12,855,938 

♦Compiled from "Financial Statistics of States, 1915," United States 
Bureau of the Census. 



54 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



City and State Tax Rates 

The present 1916 city tax rate on real property 
and tangible personal property at Petersburg is $1.65 
per $100 of assessed valuation. The State tax on these 
classes of property is 10 cents per $100 of assessed valu- 
ation. The local rate on capital is 30 cents and the State 
rate 70 cents — a total tax of $1 per $100 of assessed 
valuation. 

A digest of the local and State tax rates at Peters- 
burg is contained in the following table : 



FINANCE AND TAXATION 155 



Table 41. — State and city tax rates {exclusive of license taxes) per $100 of 
assessed valuation, on specified classes of property at Petersburg, 1916* 



Class of property 



Capitation (poll) 

Income 

Inheritances 

Real property 

Tangible personal property 

Intangible personal property : 

Bonds, notes, etc 

Bonds of political sub-divisions** 

Capital 

Net capital of merchants in excess of 
$1,000 

Funds, etc., under control of courts, etc. 

Money 

Shares of stock (except banks) §§. .. . . . 

Bank stocky 



Virginia 
State 
rate 



$1.50t 

l%t 
1%§ 
$ .10 
.10 

.65 
.35 
.70 

It 
.65 
.20 
.65 
.35 



City of Petersburg 



Ciiy 
rate 



$1.00 



1.65 
1.65 

.30 



.30 

l-40tt 
.30 



.30 
15 



Combined 
city and 
State rate 



$2.50t 

l%t 
1%§ 
$1.75 
1.75 

.95 

.35 

1.00 

1.40 
.95 
.20 
.95 

1.50 



*This table was prepared with, the assistance of the Commissioner of the 
Revenue of the City of Petersburg, and is based on ''Virginia: Tax Laws, 
1916," issued by the Auditor of Public Accounts of Virginia. The rates are 
based on a unit of $100 of assessed valuation, if not otherwise specified. 

Local taxes are levied by the city or county in addition to the State taxes, 
but the city properties are not subject to county taxation. 

fThis tax is levied on every male, 21 years of age or over, except those pen- 
sioned by the State for military service. Fifty cents is returned and paid 
into the local treasury. 

JCertain deductions are permitted under the law; while the following ex- 
emptions are authorized: individual income of $1,200; combined income of 
husband and wife of $1,800, and $200 additional for each child under 21 years 
of age; guardians, for each ward, $1,200. 

§The law specifies a tax of 1 per cent, per $100 on direct inheritances in ex- 
cess of $15,000, and 5 per cent on collateral inheritances, termed the "pri- 
mary rates." Inheritances exceeding $15,000, up to $50,000, at primary 
rates; $50,000 to $250,000 at two times primary rates; $250,000 to $1,000,000, 
at three times primary rates; and in excess of $1,000,000, at four times the 
primary rates. 

**Legality of local assessments in doubt. 

tfThe State imposes a license tax of $10 on "purchases" of merchants in 
excess of $1,000, but not more than $2,000; and on purchases over $2,000 
and up to $100,000, $10 on first $2,000 and 20 cents per $100 in excess thereof 
up to $100,000; and on purchases over $100,000, $10 on first $2,000, and 20 
cents per $100 in excess thereof up to $100,000, and 10 cents on each $100 
over $100,000. 

tJIn addition to this tax the city requires a local hcense tax of $20 per 
annum. 

§§Shares of stock of Virginia corporations are exempt. 

^iPaid by banks for individual stockholders. 



56 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



In addition to the property taxes, the City of Peters- 
burg and the State of Virginia also levy special license 
taxes on certain businesses. The State and local license 
tax on a few selected businesses at Petersburg in 1916 
are shown in the following table : 

Table 42. — Rates of special city and State license taxes for selected businesses 
at Petersburg, 1916« 



Business 



Attorney at law 

Architect 

Civil engineer and surveyor . . . . 

Electric wiring contractor 

Labor agent 

Laundry, steam 

Merchant (capital over $1,000). 
Merchant, commission 



City of 
Petersburg rate 


State of 


Virginia rate ^ 


(Per annum) 


(Per annum) 


$25.00d 


$25.00e 


25.00d 


25.00/ 


25.00d 


15.00ff 


50.00 


5.00/. 


200.00 


25.00i 


25.00 


25.00 


20.00y 


lO.OOfc 


50. 00^ 


50.00m 



aA license tax does not exempt the licensed business from taxation on its 
tangible property used, nor from the tax on its profits or income. 

ftCompiled from "City Ordinances, Licenses and Taxes, City of Petersburg, 
1916-1917." 

cCompiled from "Virginia Tax Laws: 1916," issued by Auditor of Public 
Accounts of Virginia. 

dOn receipts above $2,000 per annum, an additional tax of $1.40 per $100. 

eWhen income is less than $500 per annum, or has practiced less than 5 
years, $15. 

fWhen income is less than $500 per annum, $10. 

aWhen income is less than $500 per anmmi, or has practiced less than 5 
years, $5. 

hOn amount of orders in excess of $5,000, the tax ranges from $10 to $150, 
when in excess of $150,000. This State Hcense includes all classes of "con- 
tractors." 

iState Hcense in Petersburg can be issued only on certificate of the hustings 
court. 

iOn capital in excess of $1,000, an additional tax of $1.40 per, $100. 

ibThe State tax is levied on the amount of annual "purchases." When 
pm-chases exceed $2,000 and are less than $100,000, an additional tax of 20 
cents per $100, and on the amount over $100,000, 10 cents on the $100. 

lAnd an additional tax of 4 per cent on commissions and profits. 

mif commissions exceed $1,000, an additional tax of $1 per $100. 



FINANCE AND TAXATION 137 
County Tax Bates 

As a number of the principal industrial establish- 
ments in the Petersburg-Hopewell area are located out- 
side of the corporation limits, and as some of the most 
desirable unoccupied factory sites in the area are out- 
side of the cities, the favorable tax rates in the counties 
should not be overlooked. A comparison of the local 
rates, for instance, shows that the tax on real and tangi- 
ble personal property is from 25 to 55 cents lower per 
$100 in the counties than in the city. 

The local rates and the combined local and State 
tax rates in the magisterial districts of Chesterfield, 
Dinwiddle and Prince George counties which lie adja- 
cent to Petersburg and Hopewell are shown, for the 
several classes of property, in the following table : 



158 



PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



•i 


1 


1 


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local and 
State rate 


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X rates in the Ci 
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XXV. METHOD AND COST OF OBTAINING ORDI- 
NARY BUSINESS CHARTERS IN 
VIRGINIA 

By constitutional provision, the State Corporation 
Conmiission is the official agency in Virginia through 
which charters for domestic corporations are secured 
and licenses are issued to foreign corporations to do 
business in the State. The organization of corporations 
is governed by an act of the General Assembly of Vir- 
ginia, in force as of May 21, 1903, which prescribes, in 
five chapters, the method by which charters can be ob- 
tained. 

The first chapters of this act provides for the cre- 
ation of all corporations intended to transact any ordi- 
nary business. The second chapter provides for the 
creation of railroad corporations; the third for the 
creation of telephone and telegraph companies, and pub- 
lic service companies, other than railroads; the fourth 
for the creation of all corporations in which no capital 
stock is required or is to be issued ; while the fifth chap- 
ter contains general provisions applicable to corpora- 
tions. 

Domestic corporations to transact ordinary busi- 
ness can be organized under the provisions of the first 
chapter of this act by any number of persons, not less 
than three, by executing, filing and recording the proper 
certificate. 

What Certificate Must Set Forth 
Section 2, Chapter 1, of the act provides that this 
certificate of incorporation for an ordinary business cor- 
poration must contain : 

*^ (a) The name of the corporation, which name shall 
contain the word ^corporation,' or the word ^ncorpo- 

159 



160 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

rated,' and shall be such as to distinguish it from any 
other corporation engaged in a similar business, or pro- 
moting or carrying on similar objects or purposes in 
this State.^^ 

(b) The name of the county, (and the postoffice ad- 
dress therein), city or town wherein its principal office 
in this State is to be located. 

(c) The purposes for which it is formed. 

(d) The maximum and minimum amount of the capi- 
tal stock of the corporation, and its division into shares ; 
and, if there be more than one class of stock created 
by the certificate of incorporation, a description of the 
different classes thereof, with the terms on which such 
different classes are created.^® 

(e) The period, if any, limited for the duration of the 
corporation. 

(f) The names and residences of the officers and 
directors who, unless sooner changed by the stockhold- 
ers, are for the first year to manage the aifairs of the 
corporation. 

(g) The amount of real estate to which its holdings 
at any time are to be limited. '' 

The certificate also may contain any provisions which 
the incorporations may choose to insert for the regula- 
tion of the business, and for the conduct of the affairs 
of the corporation; and any provisions creating, defin- 
ing, limiting, or regulating the powers of the corpora- 
tion, of the directors, or of the stockholders, or of any 

ssThe names of banks and trust companies need not contain the 
word 'corporation' or 'incorporated,' but the name of a trust com- 
pany must contain the word 'trust' or 'trusts.' 

96Banks must have a minimum capital of $10,000. Trust com- 
panies must have a minimum capital of $100,000. Insurance companies 
must have a minimum capital of not less than $25,000 and the mini- 
mum shall not be less than one-tenth of th« maximum authorized 
capital, and at least $10,000 in bonds must be deposited before the 
charter can be issued. Guaranty, indemnity, fidelity and security com- 
panies must have a minimum capital of $50,000. 



CHARTERS IN VIRGINIA 161 

class or classes of stockholders; provided, of course, 
that such provisions are not inconsistent with the act. 

Execution and Acknowledgment of Certificate 

This certificate must ^^be signed by at least three per- 
sons; shall be acknowledged by them before an officer 
authorized by the laws of this State to take acknowledg- 
ments of deeds, and shall be presented in term time, or 
in vacation, to the judge of the circuit court of the 
county, or of the circuit, corporation, or chancery court 
of the city wherein the principal office of the corporation 
is to be located. Such judge shall thereupon certify 
thereon whether in his opinion such certificate is signed 
and acknowledged in accordance with the requirements 
of this act, and if not, in what respects it is faulty. 
As soon as the certificate is so endorsed by the judge, 
and the fee and tax, if any, required by law to be paid 
to the State upon the charter shall have been duly paid, 
it, together with the receipt for such payment, and sepa- 
rate certified checks or bank drafts, postal note or money 
order, one payable to the secretary of the Commonwealth 
and one payable to the clerk of the proper court for the 
amounts of the proper fees for recording such charter, 
may be presented to the State Corporation Commission, 
which shall ascertain and declare whether the applicants 
have, by complying with the requirements of the law, 
entitled themselves to the charter, and shall issue or 
refuse the same accordingly. When so issued, the cer- 
tificate, with all endorsements, together with the order 
thereon of the State Corporation Commission, shall be 
certified by the said commission, as required by law, 
to the secretary of the Commonwealth, and by the last 
named officer recorded in the charter records of his office, 
who shall thereupon certify the same to the clerk of the 
circuit court of the county, or to the corporation court 



162 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

of the city wherein the principal office of such corpora- 
tion is to be located, or to the clerk of the chancery court 
of the city of Richmond, when such principal office is 
to be located in said city, who shall likewise record the 
same in a book to be provided and kept for the purpose 
in his office, and when so recorded the fact of such record- 
ation shall be endorsed upon the said certificate, and the 
said certificate, with all endorsements thereon, shall be 
returned by the said clerk to the State Corporation Com- 
mission and lodged and preserved in the office of its 
clerk. As soon as the charter shall have been lodged 
for recordation in the office of the secretary of the Com- 
monwealth, the persons who signed and acknowledged 
said certificate, and their successors, and such other per- 
sons as may be associated with them according to the 
provisions of law, or of their charter, shall be a body, 
politic and corporate, by the name set forth in the said 
certificate, with the powers and upon the terms set forth 
therein, so far as not in conflict with this act; and in 
addition shall have all the general powers and be sub- 
ject to all general restrictions and liabilities conferred 
and imposed by this act and by the general laws of this 
State applicable thereto, not in conflict with this act, 
or with said charter, as hereinbefore provided. Any 
failure on the part of such clerk to comply with the pro- 
visions of this section shall subject him to a fine of not 
less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dol- 
lars, to be imposed by the State Corporation Commis- 



97"An Act Concerning Corporations," May 21, 1903. Chapter 1, 
Section 3 — "Virginia Corporation Law," (State Corporation Commis- 
sion) June 17, 1916, pp. 8 and 9. 



CHARTERS IN VIRGINIA 163 

Summary of Steps Required to Obtain Charter 

The several steps required to obtain a charter under 
this chapter of the Virginia corporation laws may be 
briefly enumerated as follows:^® 

1. The execution, by signing and acknowledging, of 
the proper certificate. 

2. The certification, by the judge of the proper court. 

3. The payment into the treasury of the charter fee. 

4. The presentation to the commission of the cer- 
tificate and the receipt of the Auditor of Public Accounts, 
for the proper charter fee; certified check for $5, pay- 
able to State Corporation Commission, for seal tax and 
costs in this office ; another, payable to Secretary of the 
Commonwealth, and still another, payable to the proper 
court clerk, for recordation fees. The commission then 
issues an order, attached to the certificate, constituting, 
with the certificate, the charter proper. 

5. The charter is then transmitted to the Secretary 
of the Commonwealth and recorded in his office. 

6. It is then transmitted by the Secretary of the 
Commonwealth to the clerk of the proper court and re- 
corded in that office. 

7. The clerk of the court then returns the original 
papers to the office of the State Corporation Commis- 
sion, in which they are lodged and preserved. 

Caption Prescribed for Certificate 

In order that a certain degree of uniformity may be 
obtained, the State Corporation Commission desires that 
certificates of incorporation be prepared under the fol- 
lowing caption : 



9&Compiled from "Methods and Costs of Obtaining Charters in 
Virginia," (Circular No. 8, State Corporation Commission), 1911, 
p. 6. 



164 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 



"CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION 

OF 



This is to certify that we do hereby associate ourselves to 
establish a corporation under and by virtue of the provisions 
of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Virginia, enti- 
tled 'An act concerning corporations/ which became a law on 
the 21et day of May, 1903, and acts amendatory thereof, for the 
purposes, and under the corporate name, hereinafter mentioned, 
and to that end we do, by this our certificate, set forth as fol- 
lows :"»» 

Form for Endorsement by Judge 

The following form is prescribed by the commission 
for the endorsement on the certificate to be made by the 
judge : 

"VIRGINIA: 

In the Circuit Court of county: 

In the foregoing certificate for incorporation of the 

was presented to 

me, , Judge of the 

Court of , in term time (or 

vacation), and having been examined by me, I now certify that 
the said certificate for incorporation is, in my opinion, signed 
and acknowledged in accordance with an act of the General 
Assembly of Virginia, entitled 'An act concerning corporations/ 
which became a law on the 21st day of May, 1903, and acts 
amendatory thereof. 

Given under my hand this day of , 19 " 

Cost of Securing Charters 

Domestic corporations, other than those authorized 
to exercise the powers of a transportation or transmis- 
sion company, or to own, lease, construct, maintain and 
operate a public service line or road of any land, upon 



esThe law requires that corporate name shall contain the word 
"corporation," or the word, "incorporated/' 



CHARTERS IN VIRGINIA 165 

the granting or extension of their charters, are required 
to pay a fee into the treasury of the State of Virginia 
as follows: 

**For a company whose maximum authorized capi- 
tal stock is 

$50,000 or less $10.00 

over $50,000 and less than $3,000,000, 
20 cents for each $1,000 or fraction 
thereof ; 

$3,000,000 or more $600.00 

provided, however, that building fund associations, mu- 
tual insurance companies without capital stock, and 
other mutual companies not organized for strictly be- 
nevolent or charitable purposes, shall pay $25 only for 
each certificate of incorporation or charter granted ; and 
provided, further, that no fee shall be imposed on cor- 
porations organized for religious, benevolent, or literary 
puprposes, or to conduct a purely charitable institution 
or institutions. ' '^^° 

Application for charters must be accompanied by 
separate certified checks, bank drafts, postal notes or 
money orders drawn to the order of the respective de- 
partments as follows :^°^ 

1. To the Treasurer of Virginia, an amount sufficient 
to pay the charter fee provided for in section 38 of the 
tax law, quoted above. 

2. To the State Corporation Commission, for tax on 
its seal and cost of entering, issuing and certifying the 
charter $5.00. 



looCompiled from "Virginia Corporation Law," (State Corpora- 
tion Commission) June 17, 1916, (Section 38 of the tax law), p. 85. 

loiCompiled from "Methods and Costs of Obtaining Charters in 
Virginia" (Circular No. 8, State Corporation Commission), 1911, pp. 
16 and 17. 



166 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 

3. To the Secretary of the Commonwealth^ for 
amount of his recording fee, in accordance with the fol- 
lowing specifications: 

For recording charter, including order of the 
State Corporation Conmiission, and certifying 
same, 2 pages or less (for each additional page, 
50 cents must be added) $3,00. 

4. To Clerk of Court,"-^^ same amount for his record- 
ing fee as is provided for the fee to be paid to the Secre- 
tary of the Commonwealth, i. e. for charters or amend- 
ments of 2 pages or less (for each page in excess of 2, 
50 cents must be added) $3.00. 



io2in case of doubt as to the proper court in which the instru- 
ment is to be recorded, the check can be made payable to the State 
Corporation Commission, who will endorse it to the proper official. 






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